Digestive

Question 1

Missing Teeth

Answer 1

Malocclusion(altered bite), temporomandibular jaw disease, bolting(inadequate chewing), nutrient losses

Question 2

Impacted Third Molar

Answer 2

Pain, impacting back teeth

Question 3

Pericoronitis

Answer 3

Gum around tooth red and swollen, pain when biting, foul smell in mouth

Question 4

Dental Caries

Answer 4

White spots on tooth surface, toothache, hypersensitivity, unpleasant taste in mouth, inflammation, abscess

Question 5

Discolored Teeth

Answer 5

Teeth are slight brown to yellow, may have brown spots, patches, dark lines

Question 6

Gingivitis

Answer 6

Gums are red, soft, shiny(normally pale pink, firm), gums bleed easily, can lead to periodontitis, loss of healthy teeth in severe cases

Question 7

Periodontitis(Periodontal Disease)

Answer 7

Unpleasant taste in mouth, halitosis(offensive breath), increased sensitivity, pain during chewing, abscesses, loose teeth/falling out

Question 8

Oral Tumors

Answer 8

Small, pale lumps on mouth, gums, cheeks, palate, benign(grow slowly over years, not life-threatening), Malignant(not painful until it reaches the advanced stages, metastasizes)

Question 9

Malocclusion

Answer 9

Faulty bite, protrusion/recession of jaw, turned/twisted teeth, crowding, may have difficulty with mastication

Question 10

Temporomandibular Joint(TMJ) Syndrome

Answer 10

Limited jaw movement, clicking sounds during chewing, pain/aches in and around ears and jaw joints, pain can be unilateral but is usually bilateral, headaches, dizziness, feelings of pressure, tinnitus, draining sensation, possibly deafness, sinus/muscle pain, inadequate chewing

Question 11

Tooth Abscesses

Answer 11

Aches and throbs persistently, pain while biting/chewing, glands in face/neck on affected side becomes swollen and tender, fever, general malaise

Question 12

Mouth Ulcers

Answer 12

Pale yellow spots with red borders
Aphthous: Clusters, lasts 3-4 days
Traumatic: Singular and larger, lasting on week or longer

Question 13

Herpes Simplex(Cold Sores)

Answer 13

Cold sore blisters inside lips and mouth(painful, can last for few hours or days), gums can be red or swollen, tingling, numbness, prodrome, vesicles appear, rupture and scabbing

Question 14

Thrush

Answer 14

Sore, slightly raised, pale yellow patches in mouth and sometimes throat, burning sensation in mouth, painful when touched, light bleeding may occur, yeast smell in breath when severe

Question 15

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease

Answer 15

Painful ulceration of gums, especially between teeth, painful, red, swollen gums, ulcers that bleed, grayish gums, metallic taste, bad breath, fever, enlarged lymph nodes

Question 16

Oral Leukoplakia

Answer 16

White plaque thickening and hardening parts of mucous membrane in mouth, develops over several weeks, can vary in size, no symptoms but mucous membrane becomes hard, rough, whitish/gray as it progresses, sensitive to hot/highly seasoned food

Question 17

Oral Cancer

Answer 17

White, patchy lesion, oral ulcer that fails to heal, pain(if lip or tongue), pain occurs late otherwise, dysphagia, odynophagia, weight loss, bleeding, referred pain in ear/jaw, loosening of teeth

Question 18

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD)

Answer 18

Often occurs at night, heartburn,belching/burning sensation in chest/mouth, coughing spell and wheezing due to irritation, vomitus in mouth, chronic(dysphagia, erosive esophagitis, bleeding), esophageal stricture, erosion of tooth enamel leading to caries

Question 19

Esophageal Varices

Answer 19

Preceding retching(sometimes), dyspepsia(sometimes), may produce no symptoms until they rupture(massive hemorrhage, hematemesis, hypovolemic shock

Question 20

Esophagitis

Answer 20

Heartburn(burning chest pain), may have hematemesis, ranges from pain and inability to speak/swallow to perforation/destruction of esophagus, may appear as GI manifestation of HIV

Question 21

Esophageal Cancer

Answer 21

Dysphagia, weight loss, retrosternal discomfort or burning sensation, iron-deficiency anemia, hoarseness in tumor involves recurrent laryngeal nerves, transesophageal fistula(late staging; coughing or frequent pneumonia occurring when saliva, liquid, food spills into lungs)

Question 22

Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers

Answer 22

Lesions, deep sores, symptom-free if gastric, heartburn/indigestion, epigastric pain, uncomfortable fullness, some eat to relieve pain, blood in vomit/stool, hemorrhage/leakage of stomach/intestine into abdominal cavity, radiating pain(penetration/perforation)

Question 23

Gastritis

Answer 23

Epigastric pain, indigestion, feeling of fullness, loss of appetite due to nausea, belching, fatty food intolerance, bleeding in vomit or stool

Question 24

Gastric Cancer

Answer 24

Frequently asymptomatic early on, weight loss, persistent abdominal pain, nausea, dysphagia, melena, anorexia, palpable abdominal mass(advanced)

Question 25

Acute Appendicitis

Answer 25

Abdominal pain around navel to right lower quadrant, nausea and vomiting, fever, diarrhea or constipation

Question 26

Hiatal Hernia

Answer 26

GERD irritates lining of esophagus, heartburn(worse during reclining and after large meals), chest pain/difficulty swallowing, respiratory complications due to aspiration, sometimes asymptomatic

Question 27

Abdominal Hernia

Answer 27

Varies with size and site, lump/bulge in region, pressing down resolves it, sharp pain(hernia may be strangulated or trapped - blood flow stopped)

Question 28

Crohn’s Disease(Regional Enteritis)

Answer 28

Chronic diarrhea, crampy, intermittent abdominal pain(Often in right lower quadrant), weight loss, malaise, nausea, anorexia, fever, abdominal fullness, abdomen tender and distended, blood in vomit, often insidious, intermittent, symptoms with varying remission, symptoms may increase in frequency and severity over time,
Chronic: Malnutrition materializes, perianal fissures, fistulas, deep ulcerations, bowel obstruction, adhesions, abscesses
Can mimic small intestine bacterial overgrowth

Question 29

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 29

Intermittent episodes of bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, urgency to defecate, mucoid stools, stools become looser and more frequent with blood/mucous/pus more cramping, rectal pressure, weight loss, fever, malaise as disease progresses, tenesmus

Question 30

Gastroenteritis

Answer 30

Increased intestinal motility, mucous, pus, blood in stool, dehydration electrolyte imbalance, traveller’s diarrhea(anorexia, abdominal cramping, frequent loose stools, nausea, vomiting), fever, weakness

Question 31

Intestinal Obstruction

Answer 31

Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, bloated/painful abdomen without passage of stool/gas, electrolyte imbalance, elevated WBC, bowel sounds hyperactive or absent

Question 32

Diverticulosis(Diverticular Disease)

Answer 32

Usually no symptoms and no inflammation, nonspecific abdominal distress(pain, flatulence, difficulty in defecation), alternating constipation and diarrhea, blood in stool

Question 33

Diverticulitis

Answer 33

Abdominal pain or tenderness in lower left quadrant, may or may not have fever, palpable mass may be felt, changes in bowel function, constipation/loose stools may be present, blood in stools(indicates hemorrhage), perforation(can produce peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, sepsis)

Question 34

Colorectal Cancer

Answer 34

Vague and nonspecific early on, abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, weakness, weight loss, iron-deficiency anemia symptoms, abdominal distention, pallor, ascites, hepatomegaly

Question 35

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis

Answer 35

Enterocolitis, mild to severe greenish, foul-smelling watery diarrhea up to 30 stools per day, weakness, abdominal cramping/tenderness, dry mouth, light-headed/dizzy, urine concentrated, turgid skin, irritation around anal area, blood and mucous in stool

Question 36

Short Bowel Syndrome

Answer 36

Malnutrition, diarrhea, abnormal stools, weight loss, weakness and tired, dizziness, hair and nails become brittle, rashes develop

Question 37

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Answer 37

Chronic abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating, erratic dysfunction of bowel habits, cramping relieved by defecation, gastroesophageal reflux, nausea, feeling of lump in throat

Question 38

Peritonitis

Answer 38

Abdominal pain(can be so bad they don’t want to move), nausea and vomiting, weakness, profuse sweating, tenderness of abdomen, bacteria/bacterial endotoxins could enter circulation(septicemia, shock, death)

Question 39

Hemorrhoids

Answer 39

Often painless, rectal pain, itching, protrusion bleeding, mucous discharge from rectum, sensation of incomplete evacuation, difficulty cleaning anal area, painful and lump

Question 40

Liver Cirrhosis

Answer 40

40% are asymptomatic, vague and mild in early stages, loss of appetite, weight, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal distention, edema, memory impaired, confusion, drowsiness later on, jaundice and dry skin, small, red, spirey marks on face and body, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, loss of chest hair in males, hepatic failure or death if untreated

Question 41

Viral Hepatitis

Answer 41

Similar symptoms with Hepatitis A/B/C, many have no symptoms, abrupt onset of headache, anorexia, malaise, fever, nausea, dark urine, clay-colored stool, jaundice of sclera, abdominal discomfort, liver enlargement, some cases are asymtpomatic

Question 42

Hepatitis A

Answer 42

Spikes fever

Question 43

Hepatitis B(Serum Hepatitis)

Answer 43

Mimic flu, liver inflammations destroys liver cells, abnormal liver profile

Question 44

Hepatitis C

Answer 44

Many asymptomatic, resembles to hepatitis A but less severe and somethings without jaundice, gradual insidious liver disease

Question 45

Liver Cancer

Answer 45

Often no symptoms other than chronic liver diseases, upper abdominal pain, weight loss, early satiety, palpable abdominal mass, ascites, hepatomegaly/splenomegaly, jaundice

Question 46

Cholelithiasis(Gallstones)

Answer 46

May be asymptomatic until bile ducts obstructed by stones, biliary colic signals obstruction, epigastric and right upper quadrant pain(often radiating to upper back near scapula), nausea and vomiting, flatulence, clay colored stools, jaundice

Question 47

Cholecystitis

Answer 47

Acute cholicky pain localized in right upper quadrant of abdomen radiates to right lower scapular region, nausea and vomiting, guarding of right upper quadrant, shallow respiration, jaundice, clay colored stool, dark urine, peritonitis if gallbladder ruptures

Question 48

Pancreatitis

Answer 48

Inflamed, edematous, hemorrhagic, necrotic pancreas, severe abdominal pain radiating to back, nausea and vomiting, epigastric abdominal pain worsens with walking and lying down, better by sitting and leaning forward, tachycardia, shallow and rapid respiration, blood pressure falls, temperature rises, abdomen tender in upper part, bowel sounds reduced, mild jaundice, constant pain, anorexia, vomiting, constipation, weight loss, flatulence, diabetes mellitus, psychiatric disturbances

Question 49

Pancreatic Cancer

Answer 49

Abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, nausea and vomiting, alcholic stools, steatorrhea, ascites, abdominal tenderness, palpable gallbladder, glucose intolerance, weakness and fatigue, diarrhea

Question 50

Malnutrition

Answer 50

Abnormal growth with physical and intellectual impairment, loss of well-being, appetite increase or decrease resulting in emanciation or obesity, loss of energy, diarrhea, weight change, skin lesions, loss of hair, poor nails, generalized edema, delayed healing and greasy stools, muscle wasting in advanced

Question 51

Malabsoption Syndrome

Answer 51

Impaired digestion, unable to absorb fat and other nutrients, abdominal discomfort, bloating with gas, chronic diarrhea, abnormal bowel movement, yellowish gray stools that look greasy and float because of high fat, weight loss, anemia, shortness of breath, vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Question 52

Celiac Disease(Gluten Enteropathy)

Answer 52

Gluten intolerance, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal cramping and distention, diarrhea, flatulence, intestinal bleeding, weakness, muscle wasting, dermatitis herpetiformis, large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools, malnutrition and malabsorption is the end result

Question 53

Food Poisoning

Answer 53

Sudden onset, rumbling stomach sounds, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pain, malaise, fever

Question 54

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 54

Preoccupied with weight, weight loss but doesn’t belive anything is wrong, thinning hair, poor wound healing, amenorrhea, cold intolerance, constipation, bloating, abdominal distress, excessive exercise, hypotensive and bradycardia, sadness, insomnia, withdrawal, sometimes occurs with bulimia

Question 55

Bulimia

Answer 55

Morbid fear of becoming fat, vomiting(poor dentition, pharyngitis, esophagitis, aspiration, electrolyte imbalance), laxative abuse, gastric dilation, pancreatitis, compulsive exercise, swollen salivary glands, broken blood vessels in eye, weigh more than anorexia, feelings of guilt, menstruation usually preserved, loss of muscle mass, cardiac irregularities(sudden death from hypokalemia), dehydration, denial and secrecy, sometimes depression

Question 56

Motion Sickness

Answer 56

Nausea and vomiting when riding motor vehicle, boat, airplane, air hunger, excessive salivation, pallor sweating, dizziness and headache