Diarrhea Disaster Flashcards
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram positive
Multiple flagellum
found in nature: Soil, Groundwater, Rotting vegetation,Animal feces
Pathogenesis
Actin filaments-mechanism-Actin rocket
infects neighboring intestinal cells
disease “listeriosis/listeria
Found in several foods: Hot dogs, Deli meats, Fresh veggies, Fresh Fruits, unpasteurized dairy products
affects almost any improperly handled or prepared food
manifestations
Diarrhea, Fever,Chills, Headache
upset stomach, Nausea and vomiting, muscle aches
Confusion, loss of balance, convulsions
Treatment
Mild symptoms:no treatment- Rest, Rehydrate
Antibiotics: Pregnant, 65 or older, weakened immune system
Prevention
Dairy products or Juices are pasteurized
Wash your hands
wash food surfaces
wash raw fruits and veggies
thoroughly cook meats,eggs, fish
don’t eat old leftovers
Salmonella enterica
Gram-negative
Rod-shaped
multiple flagellum at pole
disturbed in domestic and wild animals: poultry, pigs,cattle, Cats,Dogs, Birds,turtles
pathogenesis
injects proteins into host cells
Type 3 secretion system-large needle, stab hole in intestinal cell
Effector proteins
Virulence factors
cause disease Salmonellosis
found in Eggs,Meat, Poultry, Milk
contact with infected animals-rare
person to person:fecal-oral route
manifestions
symptom onset occurs in 6-72 hours
Diarrhea, fever, Abdominal pain, Bloating, Nausea,Vomiting
Illness lasts 2-7 days
Treatment
Mild: no specific treatment
Severe cases:antibiotics
Prevention
Salmonella lives in animals
can pass through the entire food chain
very durable
ensure food is properly cooked
wash hands thoroughly
Campylobacter jejuni
Gram negative
Helical shaped
Single flagellum
found in soil+water
pathogenesis
Migration through tight junctions
Proteases open cell-cell contacts
reaches the basolateral side of the epithelial cells
Internalization
Causes Campylobacteriosis
Zoonotic disease
animals carry without becoming sick
mostly associated with poultry
touching and eating raw or undercooked
fecal-oral route
manifestations
develop within 2-5 days of exposure
The illness lasts 7 days
prodromal: high fever, body aches, dizziness
Acute diarrheal phase:enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine),abdominal pain, diarrhea (often bloody), and fever
Treatment
Most don’t need treatment
avoid dehydration
never treat with antibiotics
Prevention
avoid chickens, be careful in the kitchen
don’t touch raw chicken,wash your hands, and thoroughly cook meat
Shigella flexneri
Gram negative
Rod-shaped
No flagellum-non motile
Humans are the natural reservoir
pathogenesis
Acid tolerant- survive passage from mouth to colon
Infects epithelial lining of the intestinal tract
Infects M-cells to macrophages to epithelial cells
Disease: Shigella
Solely in feces
Anything in contact can spread shigella
contaminated water,surfaces/objects
changing diaper of sick child or caring for sick person
manifestations
start 1-2 days after infection
lasts 7 days
Diarrhea (can be bloody), Fever. stomach pain
Feeling the need to pass stool, even when the bowels are empty
Treatment
Need only fluids and rest
5 to 7 days
usually get better without antibiotic treatment
Prevention
wash hands with soap and water
take care when changing diapers
avoid swallowing water while swimming
avoid contact with feces
Clostridium difficile
Gram Positive
Rod shaped
Spore forming
found in: soil, gut
location
Soil- undergoes a saprophyte lifestyle, nutrient limitation=spore formation
Gut-Resides in colon without causing disease,outcompete for nutrients by other bacteria
Disease: Colitis
person to person through fecal-oral
soil: most cleansers and cleaning supplies can’t kill spores
Gut: people are 7-10x more likely while on antibiotics
Pathogensis
Soil: ingestion of spores can survive trip to colon
Gut: Loss of competition within the colon,produces different toxins
Manifestations
inflammation of the colon, known as colitis
Diarrhea, dehydration, fever, loss of appetite, Nausea, Abdominal pain that can be severe
Treatment + Prevention
Difficult due to antibiotic resistance +spore formation
Specific antibiotic,re-infection common: Fecal microbiota transplants
Don’t eat dirt/feces, don’t take unnecessary antibiotics, wash your hands
