Diarrhea Disaster

Question 1

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 1

Gram positive
Multiple flagellum
found in nature: Soil, Groundwater, Rotting vegetation,Animal feces

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

Actin filaments-mechanism-Actin rocket
infects neighboring intestinal cells

Question 3

disease “listeriosis/listeria

Answer 3

Found in several foods: Hot dogs, Deli meats, Fresh veggies, Fresh Fruits, unpasteurized dairy products
affects almost any improperly handled or prepared food

Question 4

manifestations

Answer 4

Diarrhea, Fever,Chills, Headache
upset stomach, Nausea and vomiting, muscle aches
Confusion, loss of balance, convulsions

Question 5

Treatment

Answer 5

Mild symptoms:no treatment- Rest, Rehydrate
Antibiotics: Pregnant, 65 or older, weakened immune system

Question 6

Prevention

Answer 6

Dairy products or Juices are pasteurized
Wash your hands
wash food surfaces
wash raw fruits and veggies
thoroughly cook meats,eggs, fish
don’t eat old leftovers

Question 7

Salmonella enterica

Answer 7

Gram-negative
Rod-shaped
multiple flagellum at pole
disturbed in domestic and wild animals: poultry, pigs,cattle, Cats,Dogs, Birds,turtles

Question 8

pathogenesis

Answer 8

injects proteins into host cells
Type 3 secretion system-large needle, stab hole in intestinal cell
Effector proteins
Virulence factors

Question 9

cause disease Salmonellosis

Answer 9

found in Eggs,Meat, Poultry, Milk
contact with infected animals-rare
person to person:fecal-oral route

Question 10

manifestions

Answer 10

symptom onset occurs in 6-72 hours
Diarrhea, fever, Abdominal pain, Bloating, Nausea,Vomiting
Illness lasts 2-7 days

Question 11

Treatment

Answer 11

Mild: no specific treatment
Severe cases:antibiotics

Question 12

Prevention

Answer 12

Salmonella lives in animals
can pass through the entire food chain
very durable
ensure food is properly cooked
wash hands thoroughly

Question 13

Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 13

Gram negative
Helical shaped
Single flagellum
found in soil+water

Question 14

pathogenesis

Answer 14

Migration through tight junctions
Proteases open cell-cell contacts
reaches the basolateral side of the epithelial cells
Internalization

Question 15

Causes Campylobacteriosis

Answer 15

Zoonotic disease
animals carry without becoming sick
mostly associated with poultry
touching and eating raw or undercooked
fecal-oral route

Question 16

manifestations

Answer 16

develop within 2-5 days of exposure
The illness lasts 7 days
prodromal: high fever, body aches, dizziness
Acute diarrheal phase:enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine),abdominal pain, diarrhea (often bloody), and fever

Question 17

Treatment

Answer 17

Most don’t need treatment
avoid dehydration
never treat with antibiotics

Question 18

Prevention

Answer 18

avoid chickens, be careful in the kitchen
don’t touch raw chicken,wash your hands, and thoroughly cook meat

Question 19

Shigella flexneri

Answer 19

Gram negative
Rod-shaped
No flagellum-non motile
Humans are the natural reservoir

Question 20

pathogenesis

Answer 20

Acid tolerant- survive passage from mouth to colon
Infects epithelial lining of the intestinal tract
Infects M-cells to macrophages to epithelial cells

Question 21

Disease: Shigella

Answer 21

Solely in feces
Anything in contact can spread shigella
contaminated water,surfaces/objects
changing diaper of sick child or caring for sick person

Question 22

manifestations

Answer 22

start 1-2 days after infection
lasts 7 days
Diarrhea (can be bloody), Fever. stomach pain
Feeling the need to pass stool, even when the bowels are empty

Question 23

Treatment

Answer 23

Need only fluids and rest
5 to 7 days
usually get better without antibiotic treatment

Question 24

Prevention

Answer 24

wash hands with soap and water
take care when changing diapers
avoid swallowing water while swimming
avoid contact with feces

Question 25

Clostridium difficile

Answer 25

Gram Positive
Rod shaped
Spore forming
found in: soil, gut

Question 26

location

Answer 26

Soil- undergoes a saprophyte lifestyle, nutrient limitation=spore formation
Gut-Resides in colon without causing disease,outcompete for nutrients by other bacteria

Question 27

Disease: Colitis

Answer 27

person to person through fecal-oral
soil: most cleansers and cleaning supplies can’t kill spores
Gut: people are 7-10x more likely while on antibiotics

Question 28

Pathogensis

Answer 28

Soil: ingestion of spores can survive trip to colon
Gut: Loss of competition within the colon,produces different toxins

Question 29

Manifestations

Answer 29

inflammation of the colon, known as colitis
Diarrhea, dehydration, fever, loss of appetite, Nausea, Abdominal pain that can be severe

Question 30

Treatment + Prevention

Answer 30

Difficult due to antibiotic resistance +spore formation
Specific antibiotic,re-infection common: Fecal microbiota transplants
Don’t eat dirt/feces, don’t take unnecessary antibiotics, wash your hands