Diagnostic methods and cycle manipulation in the mare Flashcards
List 7 things we are examining when looking at perineum as part of mare breeding exam
long axis of vulval should be vertical
vulvar labia well apposed
no vulval discharge
no vulval lesions
perineum in tact
anus not recessed
normal vestibulo-vaginal seal
describe what the HBLB codes of practice tells you
provides specific guidance for the venereal pathogens in horses- where to sample, number of swabs and how many repeats
which 3 equine veneral pathogens are tested for
Taylorella equigenitalia- contagious equine metritis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
what do you do if contagious equine metritis is isolated from mare
isolate and treat infected mares
notify owners
what do you do if contagious equine metritis is isolated from stallion
prior to covering: isolate and treat
after covering: cease covering, check all mares implicated in outbreak, don’t cover until 3 -ve swabs each at least 2 days apart
List 2 reasons that uterine swabs may be undertaken in mares
for bacterial venereal pathogen screening
in cases of endometritis
when inmares cycle are uterine swabs generally taken
during oestrus
can take during luteal phase- this could mean the results more believable as more likely isolating bacteria that have colonised the uterus
List 4 things we look for on rectal exam in pre-breeding check
Confirmation of normality
Confirmation of cyclicity and stage of cycle
Confirmation of non-pregnancy
Evidence of gross pathology
Describe what corpus haemorrhagicum looks like on ultrasound
early Luteal structure in mare - very big generally can palpate them (in mare generally can’t feel CL)
CHs are generally bright white (but may be cavitated)
List 5 additional tests you can undertake in a mare breeding soundness exam
Endometrial Cytology
Endometrial Microbiology
Endometrial Biopsy
Uterine Endoscopy
Karytopye
when performing endometrial cytology what are we assessing
number of neutrophils
More than 5 neutrophils per MPF is classified as abnormal
May also identify pathogens in some cases
If you identify a organism of endometrial bacteriology what should you do
uterine infusion NOT systemic treatment
what is the most common pathogen to be identified on endometrial bacteriology
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
what does a endometrial biopsy do
looks at the integrity of the endometrium
List 7 indications for endometrial biopsy
barren mare
repeat breeder mare
mares with embryonic death or abortion
anoestrus mare
mares requiring sugery of genital tract
pyometra or mucometra
fertility evaluation - pre purchase
when performing uterine endoscopy what should you check first
MAKE sure NOT pregnant
List 4 clinical suspicions of a karyotype problem
Clitoral enlargement
Infantile vulva and vagina
Small uterus
Small inactive ovaries
List 2 situations when karyotype most likely used
clinical suspicion of problem
In mare that should have reached puberty and is not within the winter anoestrus period
when is optimum mating period in mares
Optimum mating in normal mares is 24 to 48 hours before ovulation- because once egg ovulated only viable for 12 hours after
why is a sunken anus problematic
it can mean that faecal contamination of the vulva is more likely, it can also lead to gas being aspirated into the vagina (pneumonvagina)
on rectal exam, what can you feel when the horse is in oestrus
broad soft cervix
large soft uterus
on rectal exam what will you feel when the horse is in the luteal phase
hard narrow cervix
tonic/ small uterus
on ultrasound, what does the uterus look like during oestrus
oedematous - fluid in the endometrial folds
what should you always do after swabbing uterus
give PG
