Common diseases and surgery of the stallion/ gelding

Question 1

when is castration of horses generally done

Answer 1

6-12 months

Question 2

3 way to diagnose crytorchidism in horses

Answer 2

Palpation of scrotum / inguinal region
Rectal palpation of inguinal ring
Endocrine testing- testosterone response ti hCG administration

Question 3

ways to treat cryptorchidism

Answer 3

most done laparoscopically now
inguinal
para-ingunial

Question 4

List 3 potenial causes of poor libido in horses

Answer 4

testicular hypoplasia or degeneration
painful conditions
over use- more common in older horses

Question 5

List the 3 most common penile tumours

Answer 5

squamous cell carcinoma
papillomas
melanomas

Question 6

where do penile tumours tend to orginate

Answer 6

urethral fossa/diverticula

Question 7

Decsribe what penile tumours typically look like

Answer 7

Initial lesions may be small pink and cauliflower -like
Later lesions may become very large and pedunculated

Question 8

prognosis of penile tumours

Answer 8

Prognosis depends on the stage of the tumour – identify early, assess extent of involvement and biopsy lymph nodes (inguinal LN)

Question 9

Desribe how to treat penile tumours- local with no invasion/spread

Answer 9

Cryotherapy/ topical treatment with 5-fluorouracil
OR local excision

Question 10

Treatment of penile tumours with excessive spread or invasive (S3 lesions)

Answer 10

Partial phallectomy and sheath ablation
pallative care
euthanasia

Question 11

Treatment of penile tumours with abdominal spread

Answer 11

pallative treatment or euthanasia

Question 12

penile posthioplasty

Answer 12

surgical reconstruction of the prepuce

Question 13

Partial phallectomy

Answer 13

removal of part of the penis

Question 14

what can you see on stallion with equine herpes virus 3

Answer 14

small vesicaes on the penis and sheath
usually resolve spontaneously

Question 15

what do you see on stallion with papilloma virus

Answer 15

Small, raised florid lesions on the penis
Stallions rapidly develop immunity and the lesions are self-limiting

Question 16

How to treat scrotal trauma

Answer 16

usually results from kick from mare
treat symptomatically rapidily (try reduce scrotal temp)
NSAID
systemic broad spec Abs

Question 17

why is scrotal trauma a problem in a stallion

Answer 17

sig problem as may lead to testicular degeneration

Question 18

How to diagnose scrotal (inguinal) hernia

Answer 18

US exam
rectal palpation

Question 19

List 7 abnormalities of the testes

Answer 19

Difference in size and appearance
Abnormalities of testicular descent
Testicular degeneration
Testicular haematoma
Torsion of the spermatic cord
Orchitis
Testicular neoplasia

Question 20

Why does testicular degeneration typically occur

Answer 20

generally secondary to thermal injury to the area

Question 21

what occurs in testicular degeneration

Answer 21

testese become soft and gradulally decrease in size
Echogenic stippling often present on ultrasound examination

Question 22

How to treat testicular degeneration

Answer 22

ain’t any - poor horse
so important to recognise conditions that can lead to it to minimise it happening

Question 23

How to reduce risk of testicular degeneration

Answer 23

Scrotal and testicular pathology should be treated as quickly as possible
cold water hosing
NSAIDs
disease specific treatment
in some unilateral cases- hemicatsration

Question 24

most common cause of orchitis

Answer 24

local trauma

Question 25

treatment of orchitis

Answer 25

control the primary cause
try reduce the testicular temp to prevent subsequent testicular degeneration

Question 26

what do you see with testicular neoplasia

Answer 26

Testicular tumours are rare and commonly unilateral therefore they usually cause unilateral enlargement
may be reduced size of the contra-lateral testis

Question 27

Treatment of testicular neoplasia

Answer 27

castration

Question 28

what horses are SCC commonly seen in and why

Answer 28

older gedings - smegma is believed to be carcinogenic

Question 29

describe torsion of the spermatic cord

Answer 29

very painful ondition caused by twisting of spermatic cord