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Nur 1142 Patho > Diagnosing Cancer > Flashcards

Diagnosing Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Average risk breast cancer age 50-74 what’s the screening interval

A

Mammogram every 2yrs

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2
Q

High risk breast cancer age 30-69yrs

A

Screening yearly with both mammogram and MRI

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3
Q

Colorectal cancer screening

A

50-74yrs no parent or siblings or child with colorectal cancer (average risk) screening every 2yrs with fecal immunichemical test (FIT)

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4
Q

Colorectal screening for those at increased risk- parent or siblings or child diagnosed before before 60

A

Age 50yrs or 10yrs earlier than age relative was diagnosed

Colonoscopy every 5yrs

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5
Q

Colorectal cancer screening for those whose relative were diagnosed after 60yrs

A

Age 50yrs or 10yrs earlier than relative was diagnosed with colorectal cancer

Colonoscopy every 10yrs

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6
Q

Lung cancer screening

A

55-74yrs and have smoked every day for at least 20yrs

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7
Q

What is the most common cancer in female

A

Breast cancer

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8
Q

Cancer most common in men

A

Prostate cancer

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9
Q

Cancer most common in children

A

Leukaemia

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10
Q

Which are the most common cancers in Canada

A

Breast cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer

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11
Q

Lung cancer prevalence is what?

A

Second most common cancer in both men(12.5%) women (13.3%)

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12
Q

Lung cancer is number 1 cancer in which age range

A

79-84yrs

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13
Q

What is the basis of diagnosis of cancer?

A

Manifestation based on site, tumor site and diagnostic testing

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14
Q

What are the staging systems for cancer!

A

Microscopic analysis which is based on presence of metastasis

WHO’s TNM

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15
Q

TNM is used in staging what kind of cancer?

A

Solid cancer

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16
Q

Microscopic analysis staging are

A

Stage I - No metastasis

Stage II - local invasion

Stage III - spread to regional structures

Stage IV - distant metastasis

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17
Q

WHO’ TNM

A

T: primary tumor size and extent

N: node involvement

M: extent of distant metastasis

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18
Q

TNM system T is what?

A

T 1: 0-2 cm

T2: 2-5cm

T3: >5cm

T4: tumor broke through skin or attached to chest wall

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19
Q

TNM system N staging includes

Lymph node status

A

N -0: surgeon can’t feel any node

N-1: surgeon can feel swollen node

N-2: node feel swollen and lumpy

N-3: swollen node located at collerbone

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20
Q

M in the TNM staging stand for what?

A

Metastasis

M-0: Tested node cancer free

M-1: Tested node show cancer cells or micro metastasis

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21
Q

What are tumor markers?

A

Substance produced by cancer cells that are found in tumor cells in blood, CSF or urine

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22
Q

Tumor markers could be

A

Hormone
Enzymes
Genes
Antigens
Antibodies

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23
Q

What’s the use of tumor markers?

A

For screening and identify individuals at high risk for cancer

Diagnose specific types of tumor

Observe clinical course of cancer

24
Q

What are the problem of tumor markers?

A

False positives and negatives

25
Q

What is the benefit of histology of cancer cells?

A

It help with molecular characterization to subdivide cancer into therapeutically and prognostic smaller groups

26
Q

What is the definition of histology?

A

Scientific study of microscopic structures (micro anatomy) of cells and tissue

Origin Greek
Histos = tissue or columns

Logia= study

27
Q

What’s the 4 classification of tissue

A

Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue

28
Q

What are the sub categories of tissue?

A

Epithelium

Endothelium

Mesothelium

Mesenchyme

Germ cells

Stem cells

29
Q

What are the 3 historic treatment of cancer?

A

Surgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy

30
Q

What are the ways surgery is used in cancer

A
  1. Dignosis- surgical excision of suspected area lymph node or mass
  2. Treatment - removal of cancerous tumours
  3. Palliation: debunking of an area where cancer has invaded surrounding organ or tissue e.g ureter

4 as adjunct treatment to debunking tumours before chemotherapy

31
Q

Can surgical removal of tumor be used as cure?

A

Yes

32
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Used recently in cancer management

33
Q

In the treatment of Breast cancer what is used

A

Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy

34
Q

What are the 2 ways radiation can be used in cancer treatment

A

Systemic treatment

Local treatment

35
Q

Today body radiation (systemic) is used in what cancer treatment

A

Haematological cancer such as lymphoma as an adjunt

36
Q

Radiation can be used as local treatment or cure in what type of cancer

A

Prostate cancer- brachytherapy

37
Q

What is brakytherapy

A

Radiotherapy beads are inserted near the prostate to get rid of the prostate cancer

38
Q

Targeted radiation therapy is used in paillative care
True or false

A

True

39
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Harnessing immune system in an effort to up regulate immune function and use the bodies own defence to treat cancer

40
Q

What is immunotherapy used for

A

Hard to treat cancers such as malignant melanoma, lung cancer and myeloma

41
Q

What are the 2 well know treatment in immunotherapy

A

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

CAR T cell therapy

42
Q

What are the adverse effects of immunotherapy?

A

Relate to stimulation of immune system and hyper immune response example
Rashes
Inflammation etc

43
Q

What is the name of the adverse events from immunotherapy called

A

Immune related adverse events
IRAEs

44
Q

What is the treatment of Immune related Adverse events (IRAS)

A

Steroids to dampen the events

45
Q

What are the risk factors for lymphoma of GI

A

H pylori
HIB chronic immunosuppressant therapy
IBD celiac disease
Autoimmune disease

46
Q

What is the gold test for colorectal cancer

A

Colonoscopy

47
Q

What are the risk of colonoscopy

A

Bowel perforation
Heavy bleeding
Adverse reaction to sedatives
Infection
Nausea and vomiting

48
Q

What’s the stats of colorectal cancer

A

1 in 15 diagnosed with the disease

1 in 31 die of it

Survival rate average

Highest incidence for men and women occurs in Newfoundland Labrador

49
Q

Cervical cancer screening use what

A

Pap smear

Done a 3yrs age 25- 69 yrs
>79yrs Pap test negative 3x in past 10yrs stop

50
Q

What is the frequency of diagnosis if colorectal cancer in Canada

A

3rd most diagnosed cancer

51
Q

Preferred opioid in cancer

A

Pain not too intense - oxycodone

Moderate to severe. - morphine

52
Q

Benefit of opioid rotation

A

Can minimize adverse event. Stop abruptly and replace with another

53
Q

Opioid to avoid in cancer

A

Demerol ( toxic metabolite normeperidine can accumulate)

Buperenorphine
Butorphanol
Nalbuphine
Pentazocine

54
Q

WHO recommendation

A

Pain ladder
1-3 use none opioid

4- 10 start opioid

55
Q

First choice of none opioid in cancer

A

Acetaminophen

Benefit - relief pain, suppresses inflammation and reduce fever

AE: gastric ulcers, renal failure and bleeding

Nur 1142 Patho (15 decks)

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