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Nur 1142 Patho > Cancer Screening > Flashcards

Cancer Screening Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the most common diagnosed cancer

A

Prostate cancer

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2
Q

What’s the screening test for prostate cancer

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

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3
Q

What are the pearls of PSA test

A

False negatives leading to harm from biopsy and treatment- bleeding, infection, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction

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4
Q

Most frequent diagnosed cancer, and Principe cost of cancer deaths in Canada

A

Lung cancer

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5
Q

What is the screening test for lung cancer?

A

Low dose computer tomography (LDCT)

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6
Q

What is the recommendation regarding lung cancer screening?

A

Annual screening, with LDCT 3 consecutive time for adult age 55 to 74 years with at least a 30 pack a year smoking history, who currently smoke I’ll quit smoking fewer than 15 years ago

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7
Q

What is the third most diagnose cancer in Canada?

A

Colorectal cancer

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8
Q

What is the screening test for colorectal cancer?

A

Facal immunochemical test

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9
Q

What is the recommendation for screening for colorectal cancer?

A

For average risk adults, 50 to 74 years FIT every two years are flexible sigmoidoscopy everything yes

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10
Q

One of the most common preventable cancer is what

A

Cervical cancer

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11
Q

Screen test for cervical cancer is what

A

Papanicolaous (pap) test

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12
Q

What is the recommendation regarding Pap test for female?

A

Pap test every three years for asymptomatic women who are or who have been sexually active is 25 to 69

70 years on the above women who has received three successive negative pap results in the past 10 years screen can stop

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13
Q

 What is the recommendation regarding breast cancer screening?

A

Women, age 40 to 49 mammogram not recommended

50 to 75 years mammogram every 2 to 3 years

CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, not recommend it

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14
Q

What is cancer?

A

Disease in which abnormal cells divide without control, and able to invade other tissues

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15
Q

Another name for Tumor is what?

A

Neoplasm

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16
Q

Neoplasm means what?

A

New growth

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17
Q

What’s the difference between benign and malignant tumor?

A

Benign
Grow slowly
Well defined capsule
Not invasive
Well, differentiated
Low mitotic index
Do not metastasize

Malignant tumours
Grow rapidly
Not encapsulated
Invasive
High mitotic index
Call spread distantly (metastasis)

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18
Q

Which statement is true?
All neoplasms are cancerous
Benign growth, are cancerous
Malignant tumors, have slow growth
Cancer refers to malignant tumour

A

Cancer, refers to malignant tumour

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19
Q

What predispose an individual to cancer?

A

Cancer biology:
Cancer is predominantly a disease of Ageing
Multiple mutations are required before cancer can develop 
clonal proliferation or expansion:


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20
Q

Clonal proliferation and expansion cause what?

A

After multiple mutations, cell acquire xtics that allow it to have selective advantages over its neighbors

Increased growth rate or decreased apoptosis

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21
Q

Is lack of apoptosis part of cancer process

A

Yes

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22
Q

Does solid tumor apply to hematologic cancers

A

No

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23
Q

Neoplasm only apply to what types of cancers?

A

Solid cancers

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24
Q

Cancer is also know as

A

Krakinoma or crab

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25
Q

Cancer is a result of multiple mutations that cannot be overcome by the immune system

A

True

26
Q

What are the other characteristic of cancer development

A

Decreased need for growth factor to multiply

Lack of inhibition

Anchorage independence

Immortality

27
Q

Sustained proliferation signaling in cancer biology means what?

A

Cell is able to divide continually without needing growth factors.

28
Q

Sustained proliferation signalling involes what?

A
  1. Proto-oncogene which are normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cell growth become mutant genes(oncogenes)
  2. Tumor suppressor genes (ant- oncogene) which encode protein that in normal state negatively regulate proliferation - if mutated can allow cancer
29
Q

What are the 2 genes that prevent cancer

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
  2. Tumor suppressor gene (anti-oncogenes)
30
Q

RAS gene perform what function

A

Prevent cancer formation

31
Q

What are the process of sustained proliferative signalling in cancer

A
  1. Pro- oncogene mutated to oncogene
  2. Tumor suppressor gene (ant-oncogene) mutation
    3.gene amplification- increase oncogene production
  3. Oncogene activation: point mutation of RAS gene, converting it from regulated to unregulated
  4. Translocation: translocations see. In Burkett lymphomas and chronic myeloid leukaemia
32
Q

Mutations (Inactivation) of Tumor suppression gene allow what

A

Allow unregulated cellular growth resulting in cancer.
E.g Retinoblastoma (RB) gene
Tumor protien p53 (TP53)

33
Q

Genomic instability can contribute to cancer how?

A

Increased tendency for genomic mutations during life cycle of the cell

With age cancer risk increases

34
Q

Excessive exposure to radiation can increase risk of cancer? True or false

A

True

35
Q

Exposure to environmental contaminants increase risk for cancer

A

True

36
Q

What’s role of Caretaker gene

A

Encode for proteins that are involved in repairing DNA

37
Q

What is the function of telomere

A

They are protective caps at the end of chromosome held in place by telomerase, they block cell division and prevent immortality

38
Q

What happens to telomeres in cancer state

A

Cancer cell can activate telomerase which results in unlimited cell division and proliferation

39
Q

Angiogenesis is what?

A

A process where cancer cells develop new blood vessels

40
Q

Defects in intrinsic and extrinsic path ways provide what cancer cells

A

Resistance to apoptosis

41
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death( self destruction)

42
Q

Chronic inflammation is a risk for what types of cancers?

A

Chronic inflammation caused by H pylori is associated with stomach carcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

43
Q

What’s the role of Tumor associate macrophages (TAM) in cancer

A

Promote survival of tumor cells

Mimic M2 phenotype

Diminish cytotoxic response

Develop capacity to block T cytotoxic cells and NK cells function and produce cytokines that are advantageous to tumor cells

44
Q

Presences of TAM - Tumor associated macrophage correlate with good or worse prognosis

A

Worse prognosis

45
Q

What are the 2 most common cancer in immunosuppressed individuals

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10x)

Kaposi sarcoma (1000x)

46
Q

List the viruses associated with increased risk of cancer

A

Hepatitis B an C viruses

Epstein Barr virus(EBV)

Kaposi sarcoma helpers virus. (KSHV)

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Human T cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

47
Q

What kind of cancer is associated with Hep B and C

A

Liver cancer

48
Q

What kind of cancer is associated with Epstien Barr virus

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

49
Q

What kind of cancer is associated with human papilloma virus

A

Cervical cancer

50
Q

What type of virus is associated with Human T cell lymphotrophic virus Type 1

A

Increase risk of leukaemia

51
Q

What is cancer metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site

52
Q

Direct invasion of contiguous organ is know as what?

A

Local spread

53
Q

Epithelial mesenchymal transition model

A

Epithelial characteristics lost result in
Increased migratory capacity
Increased resistance to apoptosis
Dedifferentiated stem cell like state
Growth favoured in foreign micro environment

54
Q

Process of epithelial mesenchymal transition

A

Cancer cells intraversation into circulation or lymphatics, survive in circulation and extravasation in small blood vessels into tissues where they anchor and proliferate

55
Q

Distant metastasis is what?

A

Spread through vascular and lymphatic pathways

56
Q

Breast cancer is selective for what cells?

A

Bone

57
Q

Lymphoma is selective for which organ

A

Spleen

58
Q

Prostate cancer is selective for which organ?

A

Liver

59
Q

What is Warburg effect- programming energy metabolism

A

1 allow glycolysis under normal oxygen condition(aerobic glycolysis)

  1. Allow produced glycolysis to be used for rapid cell growth
  2. Activated by oncogene and mutant tumor suppressors
60
Q

Anaplasia is what?

A

Loss of cellular differentiation

61
Q

Malignant cells are pleomorphic means what?

A

Marked variability of size and shape

Nur 1142 Patho (15 decks)

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