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Diabetic complications Flashcards

1
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pain or loss of feeling in hands/feet

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2
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pain or loss of feeling in hands/feet

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3
Q

What is autonomic neuropathy?

A

Changes in bowel and bladder function, HR, BP

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4
Q

What is focal neuropathy?

A

weakness in a nerve causing local muscle weakness

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5
Q

What type of diabetes makes neuropathy more likely?

A

Type 1

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6
Q

What analgesia can be given for painful neuropathy?

A

Paracetamol
Amitryptiline
Gabapentin
Pre-gabalin

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7
Q

What is allodynia?

A

When a stimulus causes pain but normally shouldn’t.

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8
Q

How can autonomic neuropathy present in diabetes?

A

Gastroparesis leading to constipation
Loss of appetite
Oesophageal nerve damage

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9
Q

What is gastroparesis?

A

Stomach slow to empty

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10
Q

How can gastroparesis be treated?

A

Metoclopramide or domperidone

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11
Q

Why is temperature regulation affected in diabetes?

A

Autonomic neuropathy affects nerves to sweat glands

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12
Q

Why might hypoglycaemia be difficult to diagnose in someone with autonomic neuropathy?

A

Shakiness, sweating and palpitations may not occur due to damage to those nerves

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13
Q

What changes, apart from retinopathy, may occur in the eyes?

A

May not be able to see well in the dark or drive at night, due to nerve changes to the pupils

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14
Q

What is Kimmelstein- Wilson syndrome also called?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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15
Q

How is nephropathy screened for?

A

albumin- creatinine ratio in urine

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16
Q

When should nephropathic screening take place?

A

At diagnosis

Annually in all patients over 12

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17
Q

What is a normal ACR for men?

A

Less than 2.5 mg/mmol

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18
Q

What is a normal ACR for women?

A

Less than 3.5mg/mmol

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19
Q

Why is it necessary to repeat tests for microalbuminuria?

A

Changes throughout day, with exercise and fluids.

Also higher during menstruation, with vaginal discharge, pregnancy and with UTI.

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20
Q

How many times do you need to repeat microalbuminuria test?

A

3 times and must be positive twice.

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21
Q

What do we need to do if microalbuminuria positive?

A

ACEI
Smoking cessation
Tighter glycaemic control

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22
Q

Why are eyes checked in diabetic patients?

A

retinopathy
glaucoma
Cataracts

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23
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens

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24
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Increase in fluid pressure in eye which leads to optic nerve damage

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25
What does a cotton wool spot indicate?
Ischaemia
26
What is a hard exudate?
Lipid break down product
27
Which two grading scales are present in retinal exams?
Retinopathy | Maculopathy
28
How common is erectile dysfunction in diabetics?
Over half over 60
29
Which anti-hypertensives can cause ED?
All but thiazides and beta blockers espec.
30
What is the correct nomenclature for viagra?
Sildenafil
31
What is autonomic neuropathy?
Changes in bowel and bladder function, HR, BP
32
What is focal neuropathy?
weakness in a nerve causing local muscle weakness
33
What type of diabetes makes neuropathy more likely?
Type 1
34
What analgesia can be given for painful neuropathy?
Paracetamol Amitryptiline Gabapentin Pre-gabalin
35
What is allodynia?
When a stimulus causes pain but normally shouldn't.
36
How can autonomic neuropathy present in diabetes?
Gastroparesis leading to constipation Loss of appetite Oesophageal nerve damage
37
What is gastroparesis?
Stomach slow to empty
38
How can gastroparesis be treated?
Metoclopramide or domperidone
39
Why is temperature regulation affected in diabetes?
Autonomic neuropathy affects nerves to sweat glands
40
Why might hypoglycaemia be difficult to diagnose in someone with autonomic neuropathy?
Shakiness, sweating and palpitations may not occur due to damage to those nerves
41
What changes, apart from retinopathy, may occur?
May not be able to see well in the dark or drive at night, due to nerve changes to the pupils
42
What is Kimmelstein- Wilson syndrome also called?
Diabetic nephropathy
43
How is nephropathy screened for?
albumin- creatinine ratio in urine
44
When should nephropathic screening take place?
At diagnosis | Annually in all patients over 12
45
What is a normal ACR for men?
less than 2.5 mg/mol creatinine
46
What is a normal ACR for women?
less than 3.5mg/mol creatinine
47
Why is it necessary to repeat tests for microalbuminuria?
Changes throughout day, with exercise and fluids. | Also higher during menstruation, with vaginal discharge, pregnancy and with UTI.
48
How many times do you need to repeat microalbuminuria test?
3 times and must be positive twice.
49
What do we need to do if microalbuminuria positive?
ACEI Smoking cessation Tighter glycaemic control
50
Why are eyes checked in diabetic patients?
retinopathy glaucoma Cataracts
51
What are cataracts?
Clouding of the lens
52
What is glaucoma?
Increase in fluid pressure in eye which leads to optic nerve damage
53
What does a cotton wool spot indicate?
Ischaemia
54
What is a hard exudate?
Lipid break down product
55
Which two grading scales are present in retinal exams?
Retinopathy | Maculopathy
56
How common is erectile dysfunction in diabetics?
Over half over 60
57
Which anti-hypertensives can cause ED?
All but thiazides and beta blockers espec.
58
What is the correct nomenclature for viagra?
Sildenafil
59
Why is diabetic blood higher in triglycerides?
Insulin promotes FFA uptake to adipose tissue and suppresses lipase.
60
What is gustatory sweating?
Sweating after eating
61
What is defined as proteinuria?
ACR >30
62
What is the treatment of Charcot's foot?
No contact so put in full cast for up to 1 year
63
What difference can be made with gastroparesis and insulin?
Take insulin half an hour later due to risk of hypoglycaemia

Endocrine (20 decks)

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