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Endocrine > Diabetic complications > Flashcards

Diabetic complications Flashcards

1
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pain or loss of feeling in hands/feet

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2
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pain or loss of feeling in hands/feet

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3
Q

What is autonomic neuropathy?

A

Changes in bowel and bladder function, HR, BP

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4
Q

What is focal neuropathy?

A

weakness in a nerve causing local muscle weakness

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5
Q

What type of diabetes makes neuropathy more likely?

A

Type 1

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6
Q

What analgesia can be given for painful neuropathy?

A

Paracetamol
Amitryptiline
Gabapentin
Pre-gabalin

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7
Q

What is allodynia?

A

When a stimulus causes pain but normally shouldn’t.

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8
Q

How can autonomic neuropathy present in diabetes?

A

Gastroparesis leading to constipation
Loss of appetite
Oesophageal nerve damage

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9
Q

What is gastroparesis?

A

Stomach slow to empty

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10
Q

How can gastroparesis be treated?

A

Metoclopramide or domperidone

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11
Q

Why is temperature regulation affected in diabetes?

A

Autonomic neuropathy affects nerves to sweat glands

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12
Q

Why might hypoglycaemia be difficult to diagnose in someone with autonomic neuropathy?

A

Shakiness, sweating and palpitations may not occur due to damage to those nerves

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13
Q

What changes, apart from retinopathy, may occur in the eyes?

A

May not be able to see well in the dark or drive at night, due to nerve changes to the pupils

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14
Q

What is Kimmelstein- Wilson syndrome also called?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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15
Q

How is nephropathy screened for?

A

albumin- creatinine ratio in urine

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16
Q

When should nephropathic screening take place?

A

At diagnosis

Annually in all patients over 12

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17
Q

What is a normal ACR for men?

A

Less than 2.5 mg/mmol

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18
Q

What is a normal ACR for women?

A

Less than 3.5mg/mmol

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19
Q

Why is it necessary to repeat tests for microalbuminuria?

A

Changes throughout day, with exercise and fluids.

Also higher during menstruation, with vaginal discharge, pregnancy and with UTI.

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20
Q

How many times do you need to repeat microalbuminuria test?

A

3 times and must be positive twice.

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21
Q

What do we need to do if microalbuminuria positive?

A

ACEI
Smoking cessation
Tighter glycaemic control

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22
Q

Why are eyes checked in diabetic patients?

A

retinopathy
glaucoma
Cataracts

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23
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens

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24
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Increase in fluid pressure in eye which leads to optic nerve damage

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25
Q

What does a cotton wool spot indicate?

A

Ischaemia

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26
Q

What is a hard exudate?

A

Lipid break down product

27
Q

Which two grading scales are present in retinal exams?

A

Retinopathy

Maculopathy

28
Q

How common is erectile dysfunction in diabetics?

A

Over half over 60

29
Q

Which anti-hypertensives can cause ED?

A

All but thiazides and beta blockers espec.

30
Q

What is the correct nomenclature for viagra?

A

Sildenafil

31
Q

What is autonomic neuropathy?

A

Changes in bowel and bladder function, HR, BP

32
Q

What is focal neuropathy?

A

weakness in a nerve causing local muscle weakness

33
Q

What type of diabetes makes neuropathy more likely?

A

Type 1

34
Q

What analgesia can be given for painful neuropathy?

A

Paracetamol
Amitryptiline
Gabapentin
Pre-gabalin

35
Q

What is allodynia?

A

When a stimulus causes pain but normally shouldn’t.

36
Q

How can autonomic neuropathy present in diabetes?

A

Gastroparesis leading to constipation
Loss of appetite
Oesophageal nerve damage

37
Q

What is gastroparesis?

A

Stomach slow to empty

38
Q

How can gastroparesis be treated?

A

Metoclopramide or domperidone

39
Q

Why is temperature regulation affected in diabetes?

A

Autonomic neuropathy affects nerves to sweat glands

40
Q

Why might hypoglycaemia be difficult to diagnose in someone with autonomic neuropathy?

A

Shakiness, sweating and palpitations may not occur due to damage to those nerves

41
Q

What changes, apart from retinopathy, may occur?

A

May not be able to see well in the dark or drive at night, due to nerve changes to the pupils

42
Q

What is Kimmelstein- Wilson syndrome also called?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

43
Q

How is nephropathy screened for?

A

albumin- creatinine ratio in urine

44
Q

When should nephropathic screening take place?

A

At diagnosis

Annually in all patients over 12

45
Q

What is a normal ACR for men?

A

less than 2.5 mg/mol creatinine

46
Q

What is a normal ACR for women?

A

less than 3.5mg/mol creatinine

47
Q

Why is it necessary to repeat tests for microalbuminuria?

A

Changes throughout day, with exercise and fluids.

Also higher during menstruation, with vaginal discharge, pregnancy and with UTI.

48
Q

How many times do you need to repeat microalbuminuria test?

A

3 times and must be positive twice.

49
Q

What do we need to do if microalbuminuria positive?

A

ACEI
Smoking cessation
Tighter glycaemic control

50
Q

Why are eyes checked in diabetic patients?

A

retinopathy
glaucoma
Cataracts

51
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens

52
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Increase in fluid pressure in eye which leads to optic nerve damage

53
Q

What does a cotton wool spot indicate?

A

Ischaemia

54
Q

What is a hard exudate?

A

Lipid break down product

55
Q

Which two grading scales are present in retinal exams?

A

Retinopathy

Maculopathy

56
Q

How common is erectile dysfunction in diabetics?

A

Over half over 60

57
Q

Which anti-hypertensives can cause ED?

A

All but thiazides and beta blockers espec.

58
Q

What is the correct nomenclature for viagra?

A

Sildenafil

59
Q

Why is diabetic blood higher in triglycerides?

A

Insulin promotes FFA uptake to adipose tissue and suppresses lipase.

60
Q

What is gustatory sweating?

A

Sweating after eating

61
Q

What is defined as proteinuria?

A

ACR >30

62
Q

What is the treatment of Charcot’s foot?

A

No contact so put in full cast for up to 1 year

63
Q

What difference can be made with gastroparesis and insulin?

A

Take insulin half an hour later due to risk of hypoglycaemia

Endocrine (20 decks)

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