Anatomy Flashcards
What is the name of the structure which encompasses the thalamus and the hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Where is the diencephalon?
Central core of the cerebrum
Is the diencephalon in the left or the right of the brain?
In the centre
Is the diencephalon anterior or posterior?
Quite central but more anterior
What is immediately inferior to the diencephalon?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Where is the pituitary gland?
Connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum.
How is the pituitary gland divided?
Anterior and posterior.
What part of the skull is the pituitary gland in?
Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
Which specific part of the sphenoid bone is the pituitary gland in?
Sella turcica
Where is the pituitary gland in relation to the optic chasm?
Inferior to the optic chiasm
Which cranial nerves form the optic chiasm?
Left and right optic (CN II)
Where does the nerves from the optic chiasm synapse?
Thalamus
Where do the optic nerves travel to after the thalamus
To the visual cortex in the occipital love via the optic radiation
What are the names of the retinas which contain the rods and cones?
Nasal retina
Temporal retina
What is bitemporal hemianopia?
Loss of ability to see structures in the temporal side of the field of vision, bilaterally due to compression of the nasal side of the chiasmd
How can bitemporal hemianopia occur?
A tumour from the anterior pituitary gland can cause midline compression of the optic chiasm.
Surgically, how can access to the pituitary fossa be gained?
Transcranially- under the frontal lobe
Transsphenoidally, via the nasal cavity which requires fracture of the nasal septum.
What is the inferior part of the nasal septum called?
The vomer
What is the superior part of the nasal septum called?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
What structures within the nasal cavity turbinates air?
inferior, middle and superior nasal concha
What bones are of importance in the paranasal sinuses?
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxilla
How many ethmoid air cells are there?
6.
3 on the left and 3 on the right
What are the maxillary sinuses clinically known as?
Antrum
Which Le Fort fracture is clinically induced?
Le Fort I
What artery is proximal to the optic chiasm?
Left internal carotid artery
What lines the entirety of the cranial cavity?
Dura mater
What do the dural venous sinuses drain into?
Internal jugular veins
What is a cavernous sinus?
Holds the internal carotid arteries
What does the anterior invercavernous sinus do?
Connects left and right cavernous sinus to the pituitary gland
Where does the internal cartoid artery enter the brain?
The right temporal bone in the cartoid canal
What does the thyroid gland consist of?
2 lateral lobes and a connecting isthmus
What cartilages do the lobes of the thyroid gland attach to?
Thyroid (posteriorly) and cricoid (inferiorly)cartilages
Also the trachea
Where are the parathyroid glands?
Posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lateral lobes
Embryologically, where does the thyroid gland come from?
Midline proliferation of the tongue and then migrates inferiorly.
When does the thyroid gland reach its final position?
7th week of gestation
What can be remnants of embryological thyroid?
Ectopic thyroglossal duct cysts
At which vertebral level is the thyroid found?
C7
Where are the platysma muscles?
Deep to the skin on the neck.
Part of the muscles of facial expression.
Which two muscles are contained within the deep (investing) fascia?
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
What is deep to the investing fascia and what does it contain?
Prevertebral fascia posteriorly which contains the cervical vertebrae and the postural neck muscles.
Which neurovascular bundles are deep the prevertebral fascia?
Cartoid sheaths.
What is contained within the carotid sheaths?
Internal jugular veins
Carotid arteries
Vagus nerves
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Which nerves are in the pretracheal fascia?
recurrent larygneal nerves
Where do the heads of the sternocleidomastoid attach to?
Sternal head- manubrium
Clavicular head- clavicle
Both attach to mastoid process of temporal bone
What are the veins of the neck and where do they drain to?
Anterior jugular drains to external jugular.
External jugular drains to subclavian.
Which cranial nerve supplies the SCM and trapezius?
CN XI (spinal accessory)
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins.
Drain into the internal jugular veins and then into the brachiocephalic vein.
What is the blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Superior thyroid artery from the external carotid (which comes from common carotid).
Inferior thyroid artery which comes from subclavian
What is the lymphatic drainage of the T and PT glands?
L&R superior deep cervical nodes
L&R inferior deep cervical nodes
Lymph from RHS of the body goes where?
Right lymphatic duct and then the right venous angle
Lymph from LHS of the body goes where?
thoracic duct then left venous angle
Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
In which structure does the vagus nerve travel?
Carotid sheath
Where does the vagus nerve give branches to in the neck?
Superior laryngeal nerve
RIGHT recurrent laryngeal nerve
Describe the route of the left vagus nerve to the diaphragm
Left side of arch of aorta gives LEFT recurrent laryngeal posterior to left lung root onto oesophagus follows oesophagus through diaphragm onto abdo organs in distal midgut.
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur from?
under arch of aorta
Where does right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur from?
under subclavian artery
What structure encompasses the thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus?
Pretracheal fascia
What is the space called between the trapezius and the SCM?
posterior triangle of the neck
What is the space called under the inferior border of the mandible to the jugular notch?
Anterior triangle of the neck
What is aphonia?
Inability to produce sound and to close the rima glottidis
What causes aphonia?
Bilateral injury of the recurrent laryngeals
