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Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the structure which encompasses the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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2
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

Central core of the cerebrum

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3
Q

Is the diencephalon in the left or the right of the brain?

A

In the centre

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4
Q

Is the diencephalon anterior or posterior?

A

Quite central but more anterior

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5
Q

What is immediately inferior to the diencephalon?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum.

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7
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided?

A

Anterior and posterior.

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8
Q

What part of the skull is the pituitary gland in?

A

Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

Which specific part of the sphenoid bone is the pituitary gland in?

A

Sella turcica

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10
Q

Where is the pituitary gland in relation to the optic chasm?

A

Inferior to the optic chiasm

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves form the optic chiasm?

A

Left and right optic (CN II)

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12
Q

Where does the nerves from the optic chiasm synapse?

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

Where do the optic nerves travel to after the thalamus

A

To the visual cortex in the occipital love via the optic radiation

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14
Q

What are the names of the retinas which contain the rods and cones?

A

Nasal retina

Temporal retina

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15
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

Loss of ability to see structures in the temporal side of the field of vision, bilaterally due to compression of the nasal side of the chiasmd

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16
Q

How can bitemporal hemianopia occur?

A

A tumour from the anterior pituitary gland can cause midline compression of the optic chiasm.

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17
Q

Surgically, how can access to the pituitary fossa be gained?

A

Transcranially- under the frontal lobe

Transsphenoidally, via the nasal cavity which requires fracture of the nasal septum.

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18
Q

What is the inferior part of the nasal septum called?

A

The vomer

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19
Q

What is the superior part of the nasal septum called?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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20
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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21
Q

What structures within the nasal cavity turbinates air?

A

inferior, middle and superior nasal concha

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22
Q

What bones are of importance in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxilla

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23
Q

How many ethmoid air cells are there?

A

6.

3 on the left and 3 on the right

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24
Q

What are the maxillary sinuses clinically known as?

A

Antrum

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25
Q

Which Le Fort fracture is clinically induced?

A

Le Fort I

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26
Q

What artery is proximal to the optic chiasm?

A

Left internal carotid artery

27
Q

What lines the entirety of the cranial cavity?

A

Dura mater

28
Q

What do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular veins

29
Q

What is a cavernous sinus?

A

Holds the internal carotid arteries

30
Q

What does the anterior invercavernous sinus do?

A

Connects left and right cavernous sinus to the pituitary gland

31
Q

Where does the internal cartoid artery enter the brain?

A

The right temporal bone in the cartoid canal

32
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

2 lateral lobes and a connecting isthmus

33
Q

What cartilages do the lobes of the thyroid gland attach to?

A

Thyroid (posteriorly) and cricoid (inferiorly)cartilages

Also the trachea

34
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lateral lobes

35
Q

Embryologically, where does the thyroid gland come from?

A

Midline proliferation of the tongue and then migrates inferiorly.

36
Q

When does the thyroid gland reach its final position?

A

7th week of gestation

37
Q

What can be remnants of embryological thyroid?

A

Ectopic thyroglossal duct cysts

38
Q

At which vertebral level is the thyroid found?

A

C7

39
Q

Where are the platysma muscles?

A

Deep to the skin on the neck.

Part of the muscles of facial expression.

40
Q

Which two muscles are contained within the deep (investing) fascia?

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

41
Q

What is deep to the investing fascia and what does it contain?

A

Prevertebral fascia posteriorly which contains the cervical vertebrae and the postural neck muscles.

42
Q

Which neurovascular bundles are deep the prevertebral fascia?

A

Cartoid sheaths.

43
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheaths?

A

Internal jugular veins
Carotid arteries
Vagus nerves
Deep cervical lymph nodes

44
Q

Which nerves are in the pretracheal fascia?

A

recurrent larygneal nerves

45
Q

Where do the heads of the sternocleidomastoid attach to?

A

Sternal head- manubrium
Clavicular head- clavicle
Both attach to mastoid process of temporal bone

46
Q

What are the veins of the neck and where do they drain to?

A

Anterior jugular drains to external jugular.

External jugular drains to subclavian.

47
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the SCM and trapezius?

A

CN XI (spinal accessory)

48
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins.

Drain into the internal jugular veins and then into the brachiocephalic vein.

49
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior thyroid artery from the external carotid (which comes from common carotid).
Inferior thyroid artery which comes from subclavian

50
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the T and PT glands?

A

L&R superior deep cervical nodes

L&R inferior deep cervical nodes

51
Q

Lymph from RHS of the body goes where?

A

Right lymphatic duct and then the right venous angle

52
Q

Lymph from LHS of the body goes where?

A

thoracic duct then left venous angle

53
Q

Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

54
Q

In which structure does the vagus nerve travel?

A

Carotid sheath

55
Q

Where does the vagus nerve give branches to in the neck?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

RIGHT recurrent laryngeal nerve

56
Q

Describe the route of the left vagus nerve to the diaphragm

A 
Left side of arch of aorta
gives LEFT recurrent laryngeal
posterior to left lung root
onto oesophagus
follows oesophagus through diaphragm onto abdo organs in distal midgut.
57
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur from?

A

under arch of aorta

58
Q

Where does right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur from?

A

under subclavian artery

59
Q

What structure encompasses the thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus?

A

Pretracheal fascia

60
Q

What is the space called between the trapezius and the SCM?

A

posterior triangle of the neck

61
Q

What is the space called under the inferior border of the mandible to the jugular notch?

A

Anterior triangle of the neck

62
Q

What is aphonia?

A

Inability to produce sound and to close the rima glottidis

63
Q

What causes aphonia?

A

Bilateral injury of the recurrent laryngeals

Endocrine (20 decks)

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