Anatomy

Question 1

What is the name of the structure which encompasses the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

Answer 1

Diencephalon

Question 2

Where is the diencephalon?

Answer 2

Central core of the cerebrum

Question 3

Is the diencephalon in the left or the right of the brain?

Answer 3

In the centre

Question 4

Is the diencephalon anterior or posterior?

Answer 4

Quite central but more anterior

Question 5

What is immediately inferior to the diencephalon?

Answer 5

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

Question 6

Where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 6

Connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum.

Question 7

How is the pituitary gland divided?

Answer 7

Anterior and posterior.

Question 8

What part of the skull is the pituitary gland in?

Answer 8

Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 9

Which specific part of the sphenoid bone is the pituitary gland in?

Answer 9

Sella turcica

Question 10

Where is the pituitary gland in relation to the optic chasm?

Answer 10

Inferior to the optic chiasm

Question 11

Which cranial nerves form the optic chiasm?

Answer 11

Left and right optic (CN II)

Question 12

Where does the nerves from the optic chiasm synapse?

Answer 12

Thalamus

Question 13

Where do the optic nerves travel to after the thalamus

Answer 13

To the visual cortex in the occipital love via the optic radiation

Question 14

What are the names of the retinas which contain the rods and cones?

Answer 14

Nasal retina

Temporal retina

Question 15

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

Answer 15

Loss of ability to see structures in the temporal side of the field of vision, bilaterally due to compression of the nasal side of the chiasmd

Question 16

How can bitemporal hemianopia occur?

Answer 16

A tumour from the anterior pituitary gland can cause midline compression of the optic chiasm.

Question 17

Surgically, how can access to the pituitary fossa be gained?

Answer 17

Transcranially- under the frontal lobe

Transsphenoidally, via the nasal cavity which requires fracture of the nasal septum.

Question 18

What is the inferior part of the nasal septum called?

Answer 18

The vomer

Question 19

What is the superior part of the nasal septum called?

Answer 19

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 20

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 20

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 21

What structures within the nasal cavity turbinates air?

Answer 21

inferior, middle and superior nasal concha

Question 22

What bones are of importance in the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 22

Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxilla

Question 23

How many ethmoid air cells are there?

Answer 23

6.

3 on the left and 3 on the right

Question 24

What are the maxillary sinuses clinically known as?

Answer 24

Antrum

Question 25

Which Le Fort fracture is clinically induced?

Answer 25

Le Fort I

Question 26

What artery is proximal to the optic chiasm?

Answer 26

Left internal carotid artery

Question 27

What lines the entirety of the cranial cavity?

Answer 27

Dura mater

Question 28

What do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

Answer 28

Internal jugular veins

Question 29

What is a cavernous sinus?

Answer 29

Holds the internal carotid arteries

Question 30

What does the anterior invercavernous sinus do?

Answer 30

Connects left and right cavernous sinus to the pituitary gland

Question 31

Where does the internal cartoid artery enter the brain?

Answer 31

The right temporal bone in the cartoid canal

Question 32

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

Answer 32

2 lateral lobes and a connecting isthmus

Question 33

What cartilages do the lobes of the thyroid gland attach to?

Answer 33

Thyroid (posteriorly) and cricoid (inferiorly)cartilages | Also the trachea

Question 34

Where are the parathyroid glands?

Answer 34

Posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lateral lobes

Question 35

Embryologically, where does the thyroid gland come from?

Answer 35

Midline proliferation of the tongue and then migrates inferiorly.

Question 36

When does the thyroid gland reach its final position?

Answer 36

7th week of gestation

Question 37

What can be remnants of embryological thyroid?

Answer 37

Ectopic thyroglossal duct cysts

Question 38

At which vertebral level is the thyroid found?

Answer 38

C7

Question 39

Where are the platysma muscles?

Answer 39

Deep to the skin on the neck. | Part of the muscles of facial expression.

Question 40

Which two muscles are contained within the deep (investing) fascia?

Answer 40

Trapezius | Sternocleidomastoid

Question 41

What is deep to the investing fascia and what does it contain?

Answer 41

Prevertebral fascia posteriorly which contains the cervical vertebrae and the postural neck muscles.

Question 42

Which neurovascular bundles are deep the prevertebral fascia?

Answer 42

Cartoid sheaths.

Question 43

What is contained within the carotid sheaths?

Answer 43

Internal jugular veins Carotid arteries Vagus nerves Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 44

Which nerves are in the pretracheal fascia?

Answer 44

recurrent larygneal nerves

Question 45

Where do the heads of the sternocleidomastoid attach to?

Answer 45

Sternal head- manubrium Clavicular head- clavicle Both attach to mastoid process of temporal bone

Question 46

What are the veins of the neck and where do they drain to?

Answer 46

Anterior jugular drains to external jugular. | External jugular drains to subclavian.

Question 47

Which cranial nerve supplies the SCM and trapezius?

Answer 47

CN XI (spinal accessory)

Question 48

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 48

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins. | Drain into the internal jugular veins and then into the brachiocephalic vein.

Question 49

What is the blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 49

Superior thyroid artery from the external carotid (which comes from common carotid). Inferior thyroid artery which comes from subclavian

Question 50

What is the lymphatic drainage of the T and PT glands?

Answer 50

L&R superior deep cervical nodes | L&R inferior deep cervical nodes

Question 51

Lymph from RHS of the body goes where?

Answer 51

Right lymphatic duct and then the right venous angle

Question 52

Lymph from LHS of the body goes where?

Answer 52

thoracic duct then left venous angle

Question 53

Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

Answer 53

Jugular foramen

Question 54

In which structure does the vagus nerve travel?

Answer 54

Carotid sheath

Question 55

Where does the vagus nerve give branches to in the neck?

Answer 55

Superior laryngeal nerve | RIGHT recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 56

Describe the route of the left vagus nerve to the diaphragm

Answer 56

``` Left side of arch of aorta gives LEFT recurrent laryngeal posterior to left lung root onto oesophagus follows oesophagus through diaphragm onto abdo organs in distal midgut. ```

Question 57

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur from?

Answer 57

under arch of aorta

Question 58

Where does right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur from?

Answer 58

under subclavian artery

Question 59

What structure encompasses the thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus?

Answer 59

Pretracheal fascia

Question 60

What is the space called between the trapezius and the SCM?

Answer 60

posterior triangle of the neck

Question 61

What is the space called under the inferior border of the mandible to the jugular notch?

Answer 61

Anterior triangle of the neck

Question 62

What is aphonia?

Answer 62

Inability to produce sound and to close the rima glottidis

Question 63

What causes aphonia?

Answer 63

Bilateral injury of the recurrent laryngeals