Diabetes Flashcards
What are the symptoms of diabetes?(5)
Excess urine Genital itching Blurred vision Thirsty Tiredness
How is diabetes diagnosed?(3)
HbA1C
OGTT
Fasting glucose
How does physical inactivity lead to diabetes?(2)
Leads to positive energy balance which leads to obesity
Increases FFA accumulation - Lammers 2013
According to _______, how does oxidative stress play a role in diabetes (2)
Rains 2011
Glycation of antioxidant enzymes can impair antioxidant defence mechanisms
Leads to the development of oxidative stress
Reduces GLUT4 expression
Explain Little 2011 HIIT study in T2D (4)
Examined the metabolic effects of HIIT in patients with T2D
Participants undertook 2 weeks of HIIT
Reduction in average glucose concentration
Increased mitochondrial activity (shown by higher citrate synthase activity)
How does insulin increase glucose uptake (3)
Binds with receptor
Which stimulates the glut4 translocation
Glut4 is a transport protein that transports glucose into cell
What did a review by Wang 2009 find about mechanisms?(4)
Increased glut4 gene expression
Increased glycogen content
Reduction in lipids
Reduction in inflammation
Explain how obesity increase risk of T2D (7)
Niko 2012
Releases FFAs and inflammatory cytokines
They interfere with insulin signalling
This causes insulin resistance
Insulin resistance further increases FFA release
This leads to a viscous cycle increasing IR
Pancreas unable to overcome insulin resistance
What did a meta-analysis by Boule 2003 on exercise intensity find?
High intensity exercise improves glycaemic control more than moderate intensity training
Karstoft (2015) high v low intensity mechanisms (3)
High intensity interval training improved insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion
In comparison to a metabolically matched continuos moderate intensity training
What did a study by Wing 2011 reveal (2)
Moderate reductions in weight improved glycaemic control
The greater the weight loss the greater the improvement
What are the co-morbidities of T2D?
CV disease
Obesity
Explain Krabbe 2007 diabetes BDNF study (3)
Low levels of BDNF have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression
Depression is associated with diabetes
Study found low levels of BDNF to be associated with impaired glucose metabolism
Costa 2004 cross-sectional findings metabolic syndrome (2)
Found an association between the metabolic syndrome and complications in patients with T2D
Hordern 2012 What is the commended exercise for T2D (5)
210 minutes of moderate intensity exercise
150 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise
2 resistance training sessions
High intensity may be more time effective and have greater health benefits
