CVD And Exercise

Question 1

Why is nitric oxide important for endothelial functions?

Answer 1

Vasodilation

Question 2

How does exercise improve endothelial function?(4)

Answer 2

Shear stress increases NO bioavailability
This increases vasodilation
Also reduces inflammation
This improved endothelial function

Question 3

How does inflammation increase CVD risks?(3)

Answer 3

Reduces NO bioavailability
CRP can rupture atherosclerotic plaque
This can lead to blood clotting

Question 4

What are the numbers for hypertension?

Answer 4

140/90

Question 5

How do lipids increase the risk of atherosclerosis?(3)

Answer 5

Remaining LDL are oxidised
This leads to formation of foam cells
Thus accelerating atherosclerosis

Question 6

What did a meta-analysis on walking by Murtagh (2015) reveal?(4)

Answer 6

Walking improved:

VO2 max
BP
Body comp

But did not affect lipids

Question 7

What is silent ischemia?

Answer 7

Condition where the flow of oxygen-rich blood to part of the body is restricted

Question 8

What is myocardial infarction?(3)

Answer 8

Heart attack
Occurs when the blood supply to the heart is suddenly blocks
Usually by a blood clot

Question 9

How is myocardial infarction diagnosed?(3)

Answer 9

Chest pain
Cardiac enzymes
ECG abnormalities

Question 10

What are the cardiac enzymes for diagnosis of MI

Answer 10

CK

Troponin

Question 11

What are the phases for cardiac rehabilitation (4)

Answer 11

In hospital - orthostatic and gravitational stress
Outpatient exercise
Community based or clinic exercise
Community based maintenance phase

Question 12

What can cardiac rehabilitation improve?(2)

Answer 12

CRF

QoL

Question 13

What is angina?(2)

Answer 13

Condition characterised by severe chest pain

Arteries become narrow and blood supply to heart is restricted

Question 13

What did a review by Meyer 2013 on HIIT (4)

Answer 13

More effective than moderate intensity exercise and increasing VO2 max
This translates to enhanced quality of life
There was also no evidence of safety issues
However more research needed in older populations

Question 14

Explain the findings form Morris bus study 1953 (2)

Answer 14

Found that bus conductors had lower rates of heart disease than bus drivers
Bus conductors role required greater PA

Question 15

What does Vanhees 2012 state about optimal intensity for CAD patients

Answer 15

There is still controversy regarding the optimal intensity

Question 16

Aamot 2014 home based v hospital based adherence (4)

Answer 16

After a one year follow up following HIT cardiac rehab
VO2 max remained sig higher than baseline
Results indicated that both home based and hospital based HIT cardiac rehab induce long term exercise adherence

Question 17

Pattyn 2014 meta-analysis high v low findings (4)

Answer 17

Findings indicate that in CAD patients
Interval training is superior for improving VO2 max
However continuos was more effective for weight loss
However there were studies that did not report total EE