Diabetes

Question 1

Background information for Insulin

Answer 1

When food enters the intestinal tract, the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The body derives glucose, a type of sugar, from carbohydrate-containing foods and uses glucose as a source of energy

Question 2

Pharmacology of Insulin

Answer 2

Stimulate cellular uptake of glucose from the blood. There are several different insulin formulations, each of which can be categorized based on how fast they start working and how long they work

Question 3

Indications of Insulin

Answer 3

• Type I diabetes
• Type II diabetes

Question 4

Side effects of Insulin

Answer 4

• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• Redness/swelling/itching at the injection site

Question 5

Drug interactions of Insulin

Answer 5

• Risk of increase blood sugar
• Risk of decrease blood sugar

Question 6

Important note for Insulin

Answer 6

Keep insulin refrigerated until dispensed

Question 7

List the brand names and generic name of Insulin

Answer 7

Brand Name: Novolog, Tresiba, Lantus [Toujeo], Apidra, Humalog, Humalog 75/25

Generic Name: Insulin Aspart, Insulin Degludec, Insulin Detemir, Insulin Glargine, Insulin Lispro, Lispro Protamine Insulin (75%) and Lispro Insulin (25%)

OTC Down below
Brand Name: Humulin R [Novolin R] (OTC), Humulin N, [Novolin N] (OTC), Novolin 70/30 [Humulin 70/30] (OTC)

Generic Name: Regular Human Insulin, Insulin NPH, 70% Insulin NPH and 25% Human Insulin

Question 8

Background information for Biguanides

Answer 8

Patients with diabetes have high blood glucose levels

Question 9

Pharmacology of Biguanides

Answer 9

Lowers blood glucose levels by three mechanism
- Decreases the amount of glucose produced by the liver
- Decreases the intestinal absorption of glucose
- Improves cellular response to insulin

Question 10

Indications of Biguanides

Answer 10

• Type II diabetes

Question 11

Side effects of Biguanides

Answer 11

• Lactic acidosis
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Diarrhea
• Nausea/Vomiting

Question 12

Drug interactions of Biguanides

Answer 12

Tagamet can increase metformin levels by up to 50%

Question 13

Important note for Biguanides

Answer 13

Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed diabetes medication

Question 14

List the brand names and generic names of Biguanides

Answer 14

Brand Name: Glucophage [Fortamet]

Generic Name: Metformin

Question 15

Background information for Sulfonylureas

Answer 15

The pancreas secretes insulin but in type II diabetes the pancreas may fail to secrete sufficient amounts of insulin

Question 16

Pharmacology of Sulfonylureas

Answer 16

Stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin

Question 17

Indications of Sulfonylureas

Answer 17

• Type II diabetes

Question 18

Side effects of Sulfonylureas

Answer 18

• Hypoglycemia
• Weight gain

Question 19

Drug interactions of Sulfonylureas

Answer 19

• Risk of hypoglycemia
• Some medications can interfere with the effect of Sulfonylureas

Question 20

List the brand names and generic names of Sulfonylureas

Answer 20

Brand Name: Amaryl, Glucotrol, DiaBeta, Micronase

Generic Name: Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide

Question 21

Background information for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)

Answer 21

Naturally present in the human body, incretins are hormones that signal the pancreas to increase insulin release

Question 22

Pharmacology of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)

Answer 22

Delay the breakdown of incretins, thus increasing their activity. Increased incretin activity leads to increased insulin secretion

Question 23

Indications of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)

Answer 23

• Type II diabetes

Question 24

Side effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)

Answer 24

• Hypoglycemia
• Muscle pain
• SJS

Question 25

Drug interactions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)

Answer 25

• Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used with other diabetes medications

Question 26

List the brand names and generic names of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)

Answer 26

Brand Name: Nesine, Tradjenta, Onglyza, Januvia

Generic Name: Alogliptin, Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin

Question 27

What do Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors) end with?

Answer 27

“-gliptin”

Question 28

Background information for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 28

Incretins are hormones that are naturally produced by the body. They signal the pancreas to increase insulin release

Question 29

Pharmacology of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 29

Mimic incretins to signal the pancreas to increase insulin release

Question 30

Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 30

• Type II diabetes

Question 31

Side effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 31

• Nausea/Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Constipation

Question 32

Drug interactions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 32

• Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used with other diabetes medications

Question 33

Important Note for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 33

Medication is dispensed in pens for injection. Must keep medication refrigerated

Question 34

List the brand names and generic names of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)

Answer 34

Brand Name: Byetta [Bydureon], Trulicity, Victoza

Generic Name: Exenatide, Dulaglutide, Uraglutide