Diabetes Flashcards
Background information for Insulin
When food enters the intestinal tract, the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The body derives glucose, a type of sugar, from carbohydrate-containing foods and uses glucose as a source of energy
Pharmacology of Insulin
Stimulate cellular uptake of glucose from the blood. There are several different insulin formulations, each of which can be categorized based on how fast they start working and how long they work
Indications of Insulin
- Type I diabetes
- Type II diabetes
Side effects of Insulin
- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
- Redness/swelling/itching at the injection site
Drug interactions of Insulin
- Risk of increase blood sugar
- Risk of decrease blood sugar
Important note for Insulin
Keep insulin refrigerated until dispensed
Background information for Biguanides
Patients with diabetes have high blood glucose levels
Pharmacology of Biguanides
Lowers blood glucose levels by three mechanism
- Decreases the amount of glucose produced by the liver
- Decreases the intestinal absorption of glucose
- Improves cellular response to insulin
Indications of Biguanides
- Type II diabetes
Side effects of Biguanides
- Lactic acidosis
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Diarrhea
- Nausea/Vomiting
Drug interactions of Biguanides
Tagamet can increase metformin levels by up to 50%
Important note for Biguanides
Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed diabetes medication
Background information for Sulfonylureas
The pancreas secretes insulin but in type II diabetes the pancreas may fail to secrete sufficient amounts of insulin
Pharmacology of Sulfonylureas
Stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin
Indications of Sulfonylureas
- Type II diabetes
Side effects of Sulfonylureas
- Hypoglycemia
- Weight gain
Drug interactions of Sulfonylureas
- Risk of hypoglycemia
- Some medications can interfere with the effect of Sulfonylureas
Background information for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
Naturally present in the human body, incretins are hormones that signal the pancreas to increase insulin release
Pharmacology of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
Delay the breakdown of incretins, thus increasing their activity. Increased incretin activity leads to increased insulin secretion
Indications of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
- Type II diabetes
Side effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
- Hypoglycemia
- Muscle pain
- SJS
Drug interactions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
- Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used with other diabetes medications
What do Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4 Inhibitors) end with?
“-gliptin”
Background information for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
Incretins are hormones that are naturally produced by the body. They signal the pancreas to increase insulin release
Pharmacology of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
Mimic incretins to signal the pancreas to increase insulin release
Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
- Type II diabetes
Side effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
Drug interactions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
- Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used with other diabetes medications
Important Note for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1 Agonists)
Medication is dispensed in pens for injection. Must keep medication refrigerated
