Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes Mellitus
metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia from defective insulin secretion, action or both
Metabolic syndrome
a collection of risk factors that increased an individuals chance of developing cardiovascular disease and DM
GERTH HTN Dyslipidemia Insulin resistance dysglycemia
DM Pathophysiology
Pancreas
- beta cells regulate insulin (increases cellular uptake of glucose)
- alpha cells regulate glucagon (increases release of glucose by the liver)
Type 1
Pancreatic beta-cell destruction, autoimmune response
= lack of insulin secretion
Typically <30yrs
cachexic appearance
Diagnosis is predisposed by stress
Insulin required for survival
Type 1 Manifestations
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Weight loss Ketonuria and Ketoacidosis
Type 2
Insulin resistance
- body tissues do not respond to action of insulin
- decreased responsiveness of beta cells to hyperglycemia
- decreased ability to produce insulin
Onset >45
Slow gradual onset
combination of environmental and genetic factors
Insulin may be necessary
Type 2 Manifestations
Weakness and fatigue Chronic blurred vision Recurrent infections neuropathic pain Weight gain
DM Goals of care
Reduce symptoms
Prevent and manage complications
Delay onset and progression
Attain a desirable body weight
Glycogen
Stored glucose in the liver and muscle
Glucose
Source of energy in the body
Glucagon
Strongly opposes the action of insulin (stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose)
Gluconeogenesis
making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown to make glucose
Hyperglycemia symptoms
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hypoglycemia Symptoms
Diaphoresis, tremors, hunger, nervousness, anxiety, pallor, palpations
Irritability, visual disturbances, difficulty speaking, confusion, coma