Diabetes Flashcards
5 complications of diabetes
chronic renal failure, adult blindness, amputation, strokes/DVT, HTN
Average amount of insulin secreted in an adult daily
40 to 50 units
4 hormones that oppose insulin and how do they do that?
Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol decrease movement of glucose into cells.
DM1 antibodies attack what?
insulin or beta cells
Type 1 6 s/s
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia,N/V, weightloss fatigue
the 3 gs
Glucogon is a hormone in the pancreas which promotes breakdown of glycogen and turns into glucose in the liver.
fasting glucose numbers
100-125
impaired glucose tolerance
140-199
DM2 s/s 3 you don’t know
always tired, sexual problems, yeast infections
one manifestation of insulin resistance
Acanthosis nigricans
when should DM 2 begin?
overweigh people 35 and up every 3 years
What defects do oral DM drugs work on 3
insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, increased hepatic glucose reduction
What do biguanides do and give a name 3
Metformin primary is to decrease glucose production in the liver, enhance insulin sensitivity, improves glucose transfer
metformin can be used to blank age and blank
prevent DM in people younger than 60 with risk factors
two other things metformin can help with
weight loss and lower cholesterol
metformin can cause 2
diarrhea and bloating
Metformin is contraindicated in people with 3 because?
Kidney disease, liver disease, heart failure, lactic acidosis
Met formin dont…
Consume lots of alcohol
names of sulfonylureas 3
Glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide
what do sulfonylureas do 3
increase insulin production from pancreas, stimulate sustained insulin release, lower A1C
What to watch for with sulfonylureas 2
hypoglycemia, weight gain
meglitinide name and what does it do why is it better and when to take?
prandin stimulates rapis insulin release more rapidly absorbed than sulf (causes less hypo) and before meals
insulin pumps are only blank and at the end of name? plus one more
rapid acting log glulisine
What is intermediate insulin
NPH
3 recommendations for exercise for DM
one hour after meal or 10-15gram snack check BS small carb snacks during
hyperosmolar syndrome
extreme increase in BG most common in type 2 triggered by illness or infection
hypogly sugar
less than 70
causes of hypogly 3
sedation, reduction in cortico. renal fail
most common hypo 3
type 1, standing type 2 elderly
hypo treatment
rule of 15
how to fix hypo in hospital and what could happen 2
glucogon rebound hyper and second episode if less than 50
somogyi effect
hypergly in am thought to be from hypo from insulin
dawn phenomenon
hyper in am from secretion of counter regulatory hormones
3 causes of hypergly
physical/emotional stress/ infection illness, cortico,
what are ketones
acidic by products of fat metabolism.
What causes DKA
Severe fluid disturbances osmotic diuresis increased k decreased Na and bicarb
gastric sleeve what to watch for
dehydration
