Diabetes 1 & 2 Flashcards
how does glucagon help control blood glucose
acts on the liver to increase blood sugar when low via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
when do pregnant women get screened for gestational DM
24-28 weeks
DM1 prevention
none - studies underway!
(screening and counseling on diet and exercise)
criteria for fasting glucose, non-fasting glucose, and Hb A1c for Normal glucose tolerance
- fasting: <100
- non-fasting: <140
- HbA1c: <5.7
criteria for fasting glucose, non-fasting glucose, and Hb A1c for Impaired Glucose Tolerance
- fasting: 100-125
- non-fasting: 140-199
- HbA1c: 5.7-6.4
criteria for fasting glucose, non-fasting glucose, and Hb A1c for DM
- fasting: >126
- non-fasting: >200
- HbA1c: >6.5
what does HbA1C measure
glycolated hemoglobin over the past 3 months
what is a C-peptide? and its relation to DM1?
- precursor to insulin
- if low, then not making enough insulin (used to Dx DM1)
what Ab are tested for Dx DM1
- ICA = islet cell Ab against cytoplasmic proteins in beta-cell
- *GAD = to glutamic acid decarboxylase
- *IAA = to insulin autoantibodies
- IA-2A = to tyrosin phospotase
- = strong association with DM1
Type 1A DM
- autoimmune (95%)
- destruction of beta-cells leading to increased insulin deficiency
Type 1B DM
- idiopathic (<10%)
- no known cause for beta-cell destruction (not autoimmune)
where is DM1 usually diagnosed
ED, urgent care, PCP office
who should be screened for DM1
no recommendations at this time
who should be screened for DM2
overweight/obese pts with either:
- FHx DM
- high-risk ethnicity
- Hx CVA, HTN, low HDL, HLD, PCOS
- physical inactivity
how often should high risk adults be screened for DM2
- every 3 years if over 45 y/o
- annually if pre-diabetic
- every 3 years for women with Hx of gestational DM
