Developmental Psycholgy (7%-9%)

Question 1

Longitudinal

Answer 1

Study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals

Question 2

Cross-sectional

Answer 2

Type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time

Question 3

Cross sequential

Answer 3

Individuals are tested more than once over specific periods of time

Question 4

Stage one

Answer 4

Trust versus mistrust

Question 5

Stage two

Answer 5

Autonomy (independence) versus shame/doubt

Question 6

Stage three

Answer 6

Initiative versus guilt

Am I good or bad

Question 7

Stage four

Answer 7

Industry (sense of pride and accomplishment) versus inferiority

Question 8

Stage five

Answer 8

Identity versus role confusion

Who am I

Question 9

Stage six

Answer 9

Intimacy versus isolation

Will I be loved or will I be alone

Question 10

Stage seven

Answer 10

Generativity (contribute to the next generation) versus stagnation (little connection to others)

Question 11

Stage eight

Answer 11

Ego integrity (sense of satisfaction while reflecting on life) versus despair (sense of failure)

Question 12

Teratogen

Answer 12

Any non-genetic agent that produces birth defects exposures that commonly occur

Question 13

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 13

Includes physical, cognitive and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy

Question 14

Maturation

Answer 14

Genetic roast tendencies are inborn, determined by genetic makeup

Sets the basic course of development, experience adjusts it

Question 15

Harry Harlow

Answer 15

Psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort

Question 16

Strange situation experiments

Answer 16

Studies attachment styles

Mary Ainsworth

Question 17

Secure attachment

Answer 17

Infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return to the caregiver

Question 18

Avoidant attachment

Answer 18

Infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver

Question 19

Anxious ambivalent attachment

Answer 19

Unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact and return of caregiver

Question 20

Parenting styles

Answer 20

Investigated by Diana Baumrind

Question 21

Authoritarian

Answer 21

Restrictive parenting style. This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on a child

Question 22

Permissive parenting

Answer 22

Style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent

Question 23

Authoritative parenting

Answer 23

Style that is child centered, and that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline

Question 24

Assimilation

Answer 24

Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

Question 25

Accommodation

Answer 25

Adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

Question 26

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 26

Birth tutu, infants you senses in the motor abilities to learn about the world

Question 27

Object permanence

Answer 27

A child’s ability to understand that object still exist after they are no longer insight

Question 28

Preoperational stage

Answer 28

2 to 7 during which a child learns to use language

Question 29

Babbling stage

Answer 29

Four months, vocalizes various sounds bababa

Question 30

One more in stage

Answer 30

Ages one and two, child speaks in single words

Question 31

Egocentrism

Answer 31

Inability on the part of a child in the pre-operational stage of development to see any other point of view other than their own

Question 32

Conservation

Answer 32

The principal that property such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 33

Concrete operational stage

Answer 33

7 to 11 years old, during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 34

Formal operational stage

Answer 34

About age 12, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 35

Zone of proximal development

Answer 35

Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults

Lev Vygotsky

Question 36

Scaffolding

Answer 36

Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Question 37

Gender identity

Answer 37

The individual sense of being male or female or both or neither from cultural and social expectations

Question 38

Gender roles

Answer 38

Set of expectations held by society about ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

Question 39

Synaptic pruning

Answer 39

Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency

Question 40

Adolescent egocentrism

Answer 40

Heightened self-consciousness, belief others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability

Question 41

Development of moral reasoning

Answer 41

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 42

Level one Preconventional

Answer 42

Punishment avoidance and getting what you want by trade off

Question 43

Stage two conventional

Answer 43

Meeting expectations of others and fulfilling duty/upholding laws

Question 44

Stage three post conventional

Answer 44

Sense of democracy and self selection of universal principles