Developmental Psycholgy (7%-9%) Flashcards
Longitudinal
Study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals
Cross-sectional
Type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time
Cross sequential
Individuals are tested more than once over specific periods of time
Stage one
Trust versus mistrust
Stage two
Autonomy (independence) versus shame/doubt
Stage three
Initiative versus guilt
Am I good or bad
Stage four
Industry (sense of pride and accomplishment) versus inferiority
Stage five
Identity versus role confusion
Who am I
Stage six
Intimacy versus isolation
Will I be loved or will I be alone
Stage seven
Generativity (contribute to the next generation) versus stagnation (little connection to others)
Stage eight
Ego integrity (sense of satisfaction while reflecting on life) versus despair (sense of failure)
Teratogen
Any non-genetic agent that produces birth defects exposures that commonly occur
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Includes physical, cognitive and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy
Maturation
Genetic roast tendencies are inborn, determined by genetic makeup
Sets the basic course of development, experience adjusts it
Harry Harlow
Psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort
Strange situation experiments
Studies attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth
Secure attachment
Infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return to the caregiver
Avoidant attachment
Infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver
Anxious ambivalent attachment
Unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact and return of caregiver
Parenting styles
Investigated by Diana Baumrind
Authoritarian
Restrictive parenting style. This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on a child
Permissive parenting
Style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent
Authoritative parenting
Style that is child centered, and that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
Sensorimotor stage
Birth tutu, infants you senses in the motor abilities to learn about the world
Object permanence
A child’s ability to understand that object still exist after they are no longer insight
Preoperational stage
2 to 7 during which a child learns to use language
Babbling stage
Four months, vocalizes various sounds bababa
One more in stage
Ages one and two, child speaks in single words
Egocentrism
Inability on the part of a child in the pre-operational stage of development to see any other point of view other than their own
Conservation
The principal that property such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years old, during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
About age 12, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Zone of proximal development
Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults
Lev Vygotsky
Scaffolding
Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
Gender identity
The individual sense of being male or female or both or neither from cultural and social expectations
Gender roles
Set of expectations held by society about ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender
Synaptic pruning
Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency
Adolescent egocentrism
Heightened self-consciousness, belief others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability
Development of moral reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg
Level one Preconventional
Punishment avoidance and getting what you want by trade off
Stage two conventional
Meeting expectations of others and fulfilling duty/upholding laws
Stage three post conventional
Sense of democracy and self selection of universal principles
