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AP PSYCH TEST PREP > Cognitive Psychology (13%-17%) > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology (13%-17%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or the best example of a specific concept

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2
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Focuses on coming up with the single well-established answer to a problem

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3
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Exploring many possible solutions

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4
Q

Trial and error

A

Trying a number of different solutions in ruling out those that do not work

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5
Q

Algorithms

A

Set of step by step procedures that provide the correct answer to a particular problem

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6
Q

Heuristic

A

Educated guess based on prior experiences, mental shortcut

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7
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Comparing present situation to most representative mental prototype

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8
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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9
Q

Mental set

A

People use solutions that have worked in the past

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10
Q

Functional fixedness

A

View problems only in their usual manner

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11
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill or judgment

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12
Q

Hindsight bias

A

I knew it all along, view events as more predictable than they really are

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13
Q

Framing

A

The acquired response to a formally neutral stimulus

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14
Q

Alfred Binet

A

French psychologist invented the first practical IQ test

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15
Q

G factor

A

General intelligence factor that underlies all intelligent activity

Charles Spearman

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16
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to reason think flexible, diminishes with adult aging

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17
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulation of knowledge, fax/skills, increases with age

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18
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Theory of multiple intelligences, eight distinct types

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19
Q

Wechsler intelligence scales

A

Intelligence was made up of a number of different mental abilities rather than a single general intelligence factor

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20
Q

Flynn affect

A

IQ scores have been rising worldwide

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21
Q

Achievement test

A

Measures a persons level of skill/knowledge in a specific area

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22
Q

Aptitude test

A

Assesses what a person is capable of doing or to predict

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23
Q

Reliability

A

Tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time is given to the same people

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24
Q

Test retest reliability

A

Best for intelligence, administering a test twice at two different points in time

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25
Q

Split half reliability

A

Comparing results of 1/2 of a test with results from the other half

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26
Q

Validity

A

The degree in which a test actually measures what it supposed to measure

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27
Q

Content validity

A

Test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure

28
Q

Predictive

A

Test accurately forecast performance on a future measure

29
Q

Normal distribution

A

Bell shaped curb in which the majority of scores line near or around the average score

30
Q

One standard deviation

A

68%

31
Q

Two Standard deviations

A

95%

32
Q

Three standard deviations

A

99.7%

33
Q

Recall

A

Being able to access the information without being cued, fill in the blank without a word bank

34
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying information after experiencing it again, multiple choice test

35
Q

Relearning

A

The process by which we learned something for the second time. This learning process often occurs faster than the first time

36
Q

Encoding

A

The process of putting information into the memory system

37
Q

Storage

A

The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information

38
Q

Retrieval

A

Calling back of stored information on demand when it is needed

39
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual

40
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory

41
Q

Haptic memory

A

Touch

42
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Straight repeating of information in order to memorize it

43
Q

Chunking

A

Process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units

44
Q

Working memory

A

System in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in complex processes

45
Q

Miller’s magic number

A

Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short-term memory

7 plus/minus 2

46
Q

Implicit memory

A

Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly

47
Q

Procedural memories

A

How to perform a specific task

48
Q

Explicit memory

A

Information you have to consciously work to remember

49
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge

50
Q

Episodic memory

A

Long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences

51
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to complete a task in the future

52
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron

53
Q

Forgetting curve

A

Exponential loss of information shortly after learning it

Ebbinghaus

54
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Cannot remember things that happened before their event that caused their amuseia

55
Q

Anteriorgrade amnesia

A

Condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia inducing incident

56
Q

Serial position effect

A

When we try to retrieve a long list of words we usually recall the last words (recency effect) and the first words best (primary effects) forgetting the words in the middle

57
Q

Encoding failure

A

Occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place

58
Q

Proactive interference

A

Older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

59
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories

60
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events

61
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Extensive research on memory construction and how false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate

62
Q

Misinformation affect

A

Exposed to misleading information we tend to remember

63
Q

Method of loci

A

Association of words in a list with visualization of places on a familiar path

64
Q

Context dependent memory

A

Easier recall of information while in the same context of environment and which it was acquired

65
Q

State dependent memory

A

Memories that are triggered or enhanced by a persons current mood because of the relationship to the memories formed when you were in a similar state

AP PSYCH TEST PREP (13 decks)

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