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AP PSYCH TEST PREP > Cognitive Psychology (13%-17%) > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology (13%-17%) Flashcards

1
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or the best example of a specific concept

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2
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Focuses on coming up with the single well-established answer to a problem

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3
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Exploring many possible solutions

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4
Q

Trial and error

A

Trying a number of different solutions in ruling out those that do not work

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5
Q

Algorithms

A

Set of step by step procedures that provide the correct answer to a particular problem

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6
Q

Heuristic

A

Educated guess based on prior experiences, mental shortcut

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7
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Comparing present situation to most representative mental prototype

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8
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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9
Q

Mental set

A

People use solutions that have worked in the past

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10
Q

Functional fixedness

A

View problems only in their usual manner

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11
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill or judgment

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12
Q

Hindsight bias

A

I knew it all along, view events as more predictable than they really are

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13
Q

Framing

A

The acquired response to a formally neutral stimulus

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14
Q

Alfred Binet

A

French psychologist invented the first practical IQ test

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15
Q

G factor

A

General intelligence factor that underlies all intelligent activity

Charles Spearman

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16
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to reason think flexible, diminishes with adult aging

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17
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulation of knowledge, fax/skills, increases with age

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18
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Theory of multiple intelligences, eight distinct types

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19
Q

Wechsler intelligence scales

A

Intelligence was made up of a number of different mental abilities rather than a single general intelligence factor

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20
Q

Flynn affect

A

IQ scores have been rising worldwide

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21
Q

Achievement test

A

Measures a persons level of skill/knowledge in a specific area

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22
Q

Aptitude test

A

Assesses what a person is capable of doing or to predict

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23
Q

Reliability

A

Tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time is given to the same people

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24
Q

Test retest reliability

A

Best for intelligence, administering a test twice at two different points in time

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25
Split half reliability
Comparing results of 1/2 of a test with results from the other half
26
Validity
The degree in which a test actually measures what it supposed to measure
27
Content validity
Test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure
28
Predictive
Test accurately forecast performance on a future measure
29
Normal distribution
Bell shaped curb in which the majority of scores line near or around the average score
30
One standard deviation
68%
31
Two Standard deviations
95%
32
Three standard deviations
99.7%
33
Recall
Being able to access the information without being cued, fill in the blank without a word bank
34
Recognition
Identifying information after experiencing it again, multiple choice test
35
Relearning
The process by which we learned something for the second time. This learning process often occurs faster than the first time
36
Encoding
The process of putting information into the memory system
37
Storage
The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
38
Retrieval
Calling back of stored information on demand when it is needed
39
Iconic memory
Visual
40
Echoic memory
Auditory
41
Haptic memory
Touch
42
Maintenance rehearsal
Straight repeating of information in order to memorize it
43
Chunking
Process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units
44
Working memory
System in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in complex processes
45
Miller’s magic number
Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short-term memory 7 plus/minus 2
46
Implicit memory
Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly
47
Procedural memories
How to perform a specific task
48
Explicit memory
Information you have to consciously work to remember
49
Semantic memory
Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge
50
Episodic memory
Long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences
51
Prospective memory
Remembering to complete a task in the future
52
Long-term potentiation
Strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron
53
Forgetting curve
Exponential loss of information shortly after learning it Ebbinghaus
54
Retrograde amnesia
Cannot remember things that happened before their event that caused their amuseia
55
Anteriorgrade amnesia
Condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia inducing incident
56
Serial position effect
When we try to retrieve a long list of words we usually recall the last words (recency effect) and the first words best (primary effects) forgetting the words in the middle
57
Encoding failure
Occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place
58
Proactive interference
Older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
59
Retroactive interference
Newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
60
Flashbulb memory
Vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
61
Elizabeth Loftus
Extensive research on memory construction and how false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate
62
Misinformation affect
Exposed to misleading information we tend to remember
63
Method of loci
Association of words in a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
64
Context dependent memory
Easier recall of information while in the same context of environment and which it was acquired
65
State dependent memory
Memories that are triggered or enhanced by a persons current mood because of the relationship to the memories formed when you were in a similar state

AP PSYCH TEST PREP (13 decks)

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