Developmental & Postural Control

Question 1

Term: Continuous development of multiple sensory and motor systems, which manifest behaviorally in a discontinuous step-like progression of motor milestones

Answer 1

Development of postural control

Question 2

Term: Requires development of postural activity to support primary movement

Answer 2

Emergence of postural skills

Question 3

List the 2 systems that interact to allow for the emergence of postural skills

Answer 3

1. Neural
2. MSK

Question 4

List the 2 limiting factors of the emergence of postural skills

Answer 4

1. Immature postural system
2. Lack of reflex inhibition

Question 5

Term: Predictive movement in response to a stimuli

Answer 5

Reflex

Question 6

Integration of reflexive reactions is correlated with acquiring _______ ________

Answer 6

motor, skills

Question 7

Persistance of reflexes beyond the age of _____ may signal brain abnormalities

Answer 7

6 mo

Question 8

Almost all reflexes should be integrated by _______

Answer 8

9 - 12 mo

Question 9

Term: Automatic responses to sensory input that act to keep the body parts in alignment, maintain equilibrium and prevent injury

Answer 9

Postural Reactions

Question 10

List the age that postural responses emerge

Answer 10

2 - 18 mo; most persist throughout life

Question 11

List the 3 types of postural reactions

Answer 11

1. Righting (vertical/rotational)
2. Equilibrium (tilting/postural fixation)
3. Protective

Question 12

Reaction: Orientation of the head to vertical OR body parts are restored to normal alignment following rotation

Answer 12

Righting Reaction

Question 13

List the 2 types of righting reactions and when they emerge

Answer 13

1. Vertical [Birth - 2 mo]
2. Rotational [4 - 6 mo]

Question 14

List the age at which neck righting is no longer seens

Answer 14

12 mo

Body righting is considered a mature response

Question 15

Reaction: Extension of the limbs when balance is challenge

Answer 15

Protective Reaction

Question 16

List the 4 types of protective reactions, when they emerge, and the response

Answer 16

1. Downward [4 mo]: / and ABD of legs
2. Forward [6-7 mo]: / and ABD of arms
3. Sideways [7 mo in sit]: / arm in direction of force
4. Backward [9-10 mo in sit]: / of both arms backward

Question 17

Term: Total body response; move opposite of perturbation

Answer 17

Equilibrium Reactions

Question 18

List the 5 types of equilibrium reactions and when they emerge

Answer 18

1. Prone [6 mo]: Tilt lateral > spinal concavity, /, ABD of limb on ^ side
2. Supine/Sitting [7-8 mo]
3. Postural Fixation: Movement on stable BOS > body moves over support surface
4. Quadruped [9-12mo]
5. Standing [12-21 mo]

Question 19

Term: Normal motor development used as a reference point to understand abnormal establish tx

Answer 19

Motor Development

Question 20

Term: Appropriate mm response to perturbation

Answer 20

Reactive Postural Adjustments (RPAs)

Question 21

Term: Cognitive process for predicting postural requirements and selecting timely anticipatory motor strategies

Answer 21

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs)

Question 22

____ & ______ emerge in parallel during development; _____ are learned with voluntary movements

Answer 22

RPA, APA, APA

Question 23

LOOK AT SYSTEMS AND THEIR EFFECT ON POSTURAL CONTROL TABLE

Answer 23

YOU’LL DO IT!

Question 24

Vision is an important part of postural control and development, list the role vision plays in the following age ranges

1. 3 days post-natal
2. 5 mo
3. 11-16 mo
4. 13-17 mo

Answer 24

1. postural response of head in supported sitting
2. postural response to visual stimulie in supported stance
3. sway in response to visual stimuli in independent sitting
4. new walkers sway excessively and are apt to fall in response to visual stimuli in standing

Question 25

Sensory system: Feedback correction (closed loop) and feedforward control (open loop/anticipatory)

Answer 25

Vision

Question 26

Sensory System: Regulates head control and references gravitational forces

Answer 26

Vestibular

Question 27

Sensory system: Body positioning and righting

Answer 27

Somatosensory

Question 28

The vestibular and somatosensory systems are important for reactive and directional mm responses. List the mm that response at the following age ranges 1. 4-5 mo 2. 7-9 mo

Answer 28

1. sitting/trunk mm 2. standing/ankle mm

Question 29

List the 9 characteristics of an immature movement pattern (which may be indicative of a neurological problem) [Pneumonic IF, LIAM, PIE]

Answer 29

1. Inconsistency 2. Perseveration 3. Mirroring 4. Asymmetry 5. Loss of dynamic balance 6. Falling after performance 7. Extraneous movements 8. Inability to maintain rhythm, pattern, control of force 9. Inappropriate motor planning

Question 30

List the 4 indicators of delay in motor development

Answer 30

1. Primitive reflexes do NOT appear in the first year of life 2. Primitive reflexes appear, but do NOT DISAPPEAR by the end of the first year 3. Equilibrium reactions do NOT appear by the end of the first year 4. Equilibrium reactions do NOT persist throughout life