Development of Mobility Control

Question 1

Development of Muscle (4)

Answer 1

1. Most developed at birth
2. Type 1 & 2 fibers present at 30 wk GA
3. # of fibers increase through 1st year
4. Fibers increase in length, CSA, sarcomeres

Question 2

Development of Bone (4)

Answer 2

1. Diaphysis almost ossified at birth
2. Epiphyses cartilaginous at birth
3. Long bones grow at epiphyseal plate
4. bone complete by ~20 yo

Question 3

Development of Hip (3)

Answer 3

1. Less than 1/2 of acetabulum covers femoral head at birth
2. Increases depth to age 8
3. Normal compressive forces help form the hip joint

Question 4

__________ is a pre-requisite for supine-sit or supine-stand behavior

Answer 4

Rolling

Question 5

List what occurs during the following stages of development of Independent locomotion:

1. 1-2 mo
2. 4 mo
3. 4-5 mo
4. 6-8 mo
5. 9 mo

Answer 5

1. Rolling sidelying > supine
2. Prone > supine
3. Supine > sidelying
4. Supine > prone
5. Development of segmental rotation over log rolling

Question 6

Development of sit to stand (3)

Answer 6

1. Progression
2. Stability
3. Adaptation

Question 7

List the age most begin walking and the age gait is fully mature

Answer 7

Begin: 9-15 mo

Mature: 7 yo

Question 8

List the 5 Pre-Requisites for Gait

Answer 8

1. Adequate motor control/CNS maturation
2. Mm activation pattern for pevlic staiblity
3. Adequate ROM/Strength
4. Appropriate bone structure/composition
5. Intact sensation

Question 9

Central Pattern Generators (4)

Answer 9

1. Activated by descending pathways
2. Descending pathways/sensory input lead to adaptation/modification
3. Organize spatiotemporal characteristics of gait
4. Developed early in prenatal development

Question 10

Describe what happens to step length, cadence, and velocity from 1 yo to 7 yo

Answer 10

Step length increases

Cadence decreases

Velocity increases

Question 11

Skeletal Adaptations (4)

Answer 11

1. Most vulnerable in 1st years of life
2. No normal movement, mm strength, WB = risk for osteopenia
3. Bone increaes size before it increases in strength
4. Femoral anteversion (30 degrees > decreases w/normal development)

Question 12

LOOK AT PHASES OF WALKING TABLE

Answer 12

YOU’LL DO IT

Question 13

List the age ranges for the following categories

1. Getting ready to walk
2. Onset of walking
3. Initial walking
4. Elementary walking

Answer 13

1. Brith - 9 mo
2. 9 - 15 mo
3. 18 mo - 3.5 yo
4. 6 - 7 yo

Question 14

Determinants of mature walking (5)

Answer 14

1. Duration of single limb stance
2. Walking velocity
3. Cadence
4. Step length
5. Ratio of pelvic span (ankle spread)

Question 15

List the step reflexes that occur at the following ages

1. 0-3 mo
2. 3-4 mo
3. 8-10 mo
4. 9-15 mo

Answer 15

1. Stepping reflex
2. Reflex disappears
3. Reflex reappears, assisted walking
4. independent walking

Question 16

List the clinical examination tools of mobility control (3)

Answer 16

1. General movement assessment (movement in supine; reflexes)
2. Movement assessment of infants (movement dysfunction)
3. Toddler and motor evalulation (4mo to 3.5 yo)

Question 17

List the causes of the following gait abnormalities

1. Antalgic (2)
2. Circumduction (2)
3. Spastic (2)
4. Ataxic (3)
5. Trendelenburg (5)
6. Toe walking w/absent heel or equinus (1)
7. Stepping (1)
8. Clumsy (2)

Answer 17

1. Osteomyelitis, injury to bottom of foot
2. Leg length difference, CP
3. CP, stroke
4. Ataxic CP, cerebellar ataxia, alt narrow/wide BOS
5. Mm weakness, myopathies, hip dysplasia, spina bifida, CP
6. CP
7. Spina bifida
8. CP, arthritis