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Pediatric PT > Developmental milestones > Flashcards

Developmental milestones Flashcards

1
Q

When can a mother feel a baby’s first movements while in utero?

A

Weeks 16-18

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1
Q

When does a baby perform less movement due to a constrictive environment in utero?

A

weeks 30-32

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2
Q

What is observed when a newborn is in prone?

A
  • spinal FLX
  • hip FABER
  • knee FLX
  • ankle DF
  • cheek bearing most weight
  • capable of lifting and turning head
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3
Q

What is observed when a newborn is in supine?

A
  • head ROT to the side
  • less FLX due to gravity
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4
Q

(true/false) Newborns are able to visually fixate

A

false (only on strong contrast objects)

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5
Q

(true/false) newborns have visual regard

A

true

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6
Q

Are primary standing and stepping reactions present in a newborn?

A

yes

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7
Q

What type of stimulation do newborns enjoy?

A

tactile and vestibular (ex: swaddling)

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8
Q

You should not swaddle a baby after __ months.

A

2 months

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9
Q

When do infants begin to have an alert and brightening expression?

A

1 month

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10
Q

When do infants begin to fixate and briefly steady gaze?

A

1 month

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11
Q

(true/false) ATNR can be observed in 1 month old infants.

A

true

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12
Q

How far can an infant lift their head at 1 month?

A

shoulder level with marked shoulder elevation

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13
Q

When do infants begin to track moving objects from side to side (180 degrees in each direction)?

A

1 month

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14
Q

When do infants begin to have reciprocal and symmetrical kicking?

A

1 month

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15
Q

When do infants begin to have positive support and primary walking reflexes in supported standing?

A

1 month

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16
Q

When does the grasp reflex emerge in infants?

A

1 month

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17
Q

When does neonatal reaching emerge in infants?

A

1 month

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18
Q

What are indications of possible problems in a 1 month old infant?

A
  • complex medical Hx
  • premature
  • IVH
  • low birth weight <1500 grams (3.4 pounds)
  • excessive hyper/hypotonia
  • difficulty with feeding
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19
Q

How far can a 2 month old infant raise their head in prone?

A

45 degrees with elbows behind their shoulders

  • DOES NOT push up on forearms
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20
Q

When do an infants shoulders begin to function as a single unit BUT the scapulae are not yet stable?

A

2 months

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21
Q

When do infants begin to have binocular vision?

A

2 months

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22
Q

When do infants begin to respond to friendly handling and swipe at toys?

A

2 months

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23
Q

When do infants begin to grasp items but not attend to it?

A

2 months

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24
Q

What are indications of possible problems in a 2 month old infant?

A
  • hyper/hypotonia
  • continuation of previous problems
  • difficult to detect problems
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25
Q

When do infants begin to have symmetry and midline orientation?

A

3 months old

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26
Q

When do infants begin to play with hands w/o tonic grasp?

A

3 months

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27
Q

When do infants begin to right their trunk?

A

3 months

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28
Q

When do infants begin to WB on their forearms in prone?

A

3 months

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29
Q

How far can a 3 month old infant raise their head while in prone?

A

90 degrees with elbows in line with shoulders

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30
Q

(true/false) prone is a functional position at 3 months.

A

FALSE

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31
Q

When do infants begin to have their head in midline at supine while their hands are on their chest?

A

3 months

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32
Q

When can infants lie in supine with knees/hips flexed and have their feet supported?

A

3 months

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33
Q

When do infants begin to display cervical FLX and chin tuck while in supine?

A

3 months

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34
Q

When does an infant start to have less head lag while doing pull to sit?

A

3 months

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35
Q

When do infants begin to coo/chuckle?

A

3 months

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36
Q

When do infants begin perform some WB with their toes curled in supported standing?

A

3 months

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37
Q

What are indications of possible problems in a 3 month old infant?

A
  • strong asymmetry
  • inability to maintain midline
  • inability to bring hand to body
  • poor head control
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38
Q

Poor head control can be an indication of what?

A

Poor ocular motor control and/or torticollis

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39
Q

When do infants begin to have controlled, purposeful movement?

A

4 months

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40
Q

When are primitive reflexes no longer present in an infant?

A

4 months

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41
Q

When do infants begin to roll from prone to their side?

A

4 months

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42
Q

When do infants begin to roll from supine to their side?

A

4 months

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43
Q

When do infants begin to sit with support?

A

4 months

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44
Q

When do infants start to not have head lag in pull to sit?

A

4 months

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45
Q

When do infants begin to have optical and labyrinthine head righting?

A

4 months

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46
Q

When do infants begin to have bilateral reaching with their forearm pronated and trunk supported?

A

4 months

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47
Q

When do infants begin to display a voluntary ulnar palmar grasp?

A

4 months

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48
Q

When do infants begin to laugh out loud?

A

4 months

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49
Q

(true/false) fine motor control is still limited at 4 months old.

A

true

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50
Q

What are indications of possible problems in 4 month old infants?

A
  • asymmetry
  • lack of midline
  • lack of head control with pull to sit
  • inability to extend head and trunk in prone
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51
Q

When do infants have functional head control in all positions?

A

5 months

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52
Q

When do infants begin to roll from PRONE to supine?

A

5 months

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53
Q

When do infants begin to weight shift between forearms in prone?

A

5 months

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54
Q

When do infants start to have head control in supported sitting?

A

5 months

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55
Q

When do infants begin to have lateral righting of the trunk be elicited?

A

5 months (NOT YET FUNCTIONAL)

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56
Q

When do infants begin to bring their feet to their mouth while in supine?

A

5 months

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57
Q

When do infants begin to have a voluntary palmar grasp?

A

5 months

58
Q

When can infants hold a bottle when feeding?

A

5 months

59
Q

When are infants able to perform a bridge?

A

5 months

60
Q

What are indications of possible problems in infants that are 5 months old?

A
  • lack of antigravity FLX in supine
  • excessive extensor activation
  • inability to WB on arms in prone
61
Q

When do infants begin to roll from SUPINE to prone?

A

6 months

62
Q

When can an infant sit independently?

A

6 months

63
Q

When do infants begin to bounce with pull to stand?

A

6 months

64
Q

When do infants begin to have anti-gravity control in supine?

A

6 months

65
Q

When do infants begin to have parachute reactions?

A

6 months

66
Q

When do infants have both palmar and radial grasp?

A

6 months

67
Q

When do infants begin to explore objects primarily by their mouth?

A

6 months

68
Q

What are indications of possible problems in 6 month old infants?

A
  • lack of anti-gravity control
  • lack of LE dissociation
  • inability to roll supine to prone
  • inability to play with foot using 2 hands
  • inability to sit independently
69
Q

What can cause an infant to not be able to sit independently?

A

abnormal hip EXT activation

70
Q

What is the preferred position of a 7 month old?

A

prone

71
Q

When do infants attain/maintain quadruped?

A

7 months

72
Q

When do infants begin to attain sitting from quadruped but NOT from S/L?

A

7 months

73
Q

When do infants begin to transition from sitting to prone?

A

7 months

74
Q

When do infants begin to have trunk rotation while sitting?

A

7 months

75
Q

When do infants begin to pivot in supine?

A

7 months

76
Q

When do infants begin to sit independently with their arms free to play?

A

7 months

77
Q

When do infants begin pull to stand from quadruped?

A

7 months

78
Q

When do infants begin to attempt walking?

A

7 months

79
Q

When do infants begin to recognize tone of voice?

A

7 months

80
Q

When do infants begin to show fear to strangers?

A

7 months

81
Q

When do infants have equilibrium reactions consistent in prone and supine?

A

7 months

82
Q

When do infants begin to belly crawl?

A

8 months

83
Q

When do infants begin to transition from sitting <–> quadruped?

A

8 months

84
Q

When do infants begin to side-sit?

A

8 months

85
Q

When do infants begin to perform pull to stand through sitting?

A

8 months

86
Q

When do infants begin to stand while holding onto someone’s fingers?

A

8 months

87
Q

When do infants begin to cruise sideways?

A

8 months

88
Q

When do infants begin to walk with handheld assistance?

A

8 months

89
Q

What is the preferred position for an 8 month old?

A

standing

90
Q

When do infants begin to perform a radial digital grasp of an object?

A

8 months

91
Q

When do infants begin to manipulate, transfer, and release toys?

A

8 months

92
Q

When do infants have an inferior pincer grasp of their pellet?

A

8 months

93
Q

When do infants begin to perform quadruped creeping?

A

9 months

94
Q

When do infants begin to climb?

A

9 months

95
Q

When do infants begin to lower from standing?

A

9 months

96
Q

When can infants sit in a variety of positions?

A

9 months

97
Q

When do infants begin to refine cruising skills?

A

9 months

98
Q

When do infants begin to mimic gestures?

A

10 months

99
Q

When do infants begin to enjoy putting things in/out of containers?

A

10 months

100
Q

When do infants begin to long sit with their legs in line with their body?

A

10 months

101
Q

When do infants begin to ring sit?

A

10 months

102
Q

When do infants begin to reach across midline?

A

10 months

103
Q

When do infants begin to have their hands free to play while in standing?

A

10 months

104
Q

When do infants have creeping as their primary means of locomotion?

A

10 months

105
Q

When do infants begin to self feed?

A

10 months

106
Q

What type of grasp does a 10 month old use?

A

pincer grasp

107
Q

When do infants begin to search for hidden items?

A

10 months

108
Q

When do infants begin to be suspicious of strangers?

A

10 months

109
Q

When can infants perform bilateral manipulation of toys?

A

11 months

110
Q

When can infants rise to stand without external support through quadruped?

A

11 months

111
Q

What is the average age of starting to walk?

A

11.2 months

112
Q

What type of grasp does a 12 month old have?

A

fine pincer

113
Q

(true/false) The amount of time it takes a baby to stand determines how close they are to walking.

A

true

114
Q

What position should babies sleep in at all times?

A

supine

115
Q

What position should babies play in?

A

prone

116
Q

When can children ascend stairs with a step-to pattern?

A

20 months

117
Q

When do children start to jump off of the bottom step?

A

20 months

118
Q

When can children start to throw a ball overhead?

A

20 months

119
Q

When do children start to run but have an immature run with increased speed?

A

2 years

120
Q

When do children start to ascend stairs with a step to step pattern?

A

2 years

121
Q

When do children become active, restless, and throw tantrums?

A

2 years

122
Q

When are children commonly able to catch a large ball?

A

2 years

123
Q

When do children start to jump with two feet?

A

3 years

124
Q

When do children start to ride a tricycle?

A

3 years

125
Q

When are children able to briefly stand on one foot?

A

3 years

126
Q

When are children able to hop on one foot?

A

3 years

127
Q

When are children able to gallop?

A

3 years

128
Q

When are children able to kick a ball?

A

3 years

129
Q

When do children start to understand the concept of sharing?

A

3 years

130
Q

When do children start to climb on playground equipment?

A

3 years

131
Q

When do children develop a mature run?

A

3 years

132
Q

When are children able to jump on one foot several times?

A

4 years

133
Q

When are children able to stand on their tip toes?

A

4 years

134
Q

When do children start to relate to their friends?

A

4 years

135
Q

When do children start to dress themselves?

A

5 years

136
Q

When do children start to swing themselves (pump legs independently)?

A

5 years

137
Q

Describe gait from birth to 9 months.

A
  • antigravity strength is obtained
  • hip flexor strength through kicking
  • hip extensor strength by crawling and kneeling
  • hip ABD strength by cruising
  • trunk and extremities lengthen
138
Q

Describe gait from 9-15 months.

A
  • initial gait consists of hip FLX, ABD, ER
  • genu varum
  • calcaneal eversion
  • absent longitudinal arches
  • excessive femoral anteversion
  • internal tibial torsion
139
Q

When are myelination of nerves completed?

A

by 12 months

140
Q

Describe gait at 18-24 months.

A
  • decreased BOS
  • heel eversion
  • knees in neutral
  • longitudinal arches are formed
  • genu varum is resolved
141
Q

Describe gait at 3-3.5 years.

A
  • genu valgum
  • consistent heel strike
  • decreased femoral anteversion and heel eversion
  • arm swing is noted
142
Q

Describe gait at 6-7 years.

A
  • fully mature gait with knees and heels in neutral position
  • excessive femoral anteversion is almost resolved

Pediatric PT (14 decks)

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