Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT2008 > Development of Vocalisation and Speech > Flashcards

Development of Vocalisation and Speech Flashcards

1
Q

What do syllables consist of?

A

Phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the innate part of language?

A

At birth can discriminate phonetic units forming building blocks for phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the learnt part of language?

A

Sensory - at 6 months discrimination of phonetic categories and phrases of native language - patterns of phonemes
Social - motherese - stretches acoustic space, emphasises phonemic distinctions, new vocabulary in stereotyped way
Sensorimotor - control vocal cords to make certain sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In what way is birdsong hierarchical?

A

Sequence of phrases before pause - phrase consists of syllables - syllables consist of notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of a songbird species that learns its song

A

US swamp sparrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the sensory learning component in a US swamp sparrow?

A

Gains memory representation of song template - subsong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sensorimotor learning component in a US swamp sparrow?

A

Control vocal apparatus - match vocal output to template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the crystallisation component in a US swamp sparrow?

A

Song expression becomes stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an age-limited learner in birds, and give an example species

A

Hearing only important during song acquisition -deafening after crystallisation has no effect on song
US song sparrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an open-ended learner in birds, and give an example species

A

Songs differ between years - must learn new songs
Deafening after crystallisation deteriorates song in weeks
Canaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the common audio input pathway in birds?

A

Cranial nerve VIII input - via cochlear nucleus - higher vocal centre (HVC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the anterior forebrain pathway in birds?

A

HVC - area X - dlm - LMAN - robust nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the song motor pathway in birds?

A

HVC - robust nucleus - hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does brain circuit development enable sensory learning in birds?

A

HVC enables learning of song template - no anterior forebrain pathway / song motor pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does brain circuit development enable sensorimotor learning in birds?

A

Practice refines subsong production
Weak song motor pathway connections modified by anterior forebrain pathway - reward of correct vocalisation - NMDA-dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does brain circuit development enable crystallisation in birds?

A

HVC takes control via song motor pathway - anterior forebrain pathway not needed

17
Q

What is the effect of switching off the HVC with optogenetics when the pupil sings and what does this show?

A

Decreases similarity to tutor’s song

HVC critical for acquiring template from tutor

18
Q

What is the effect of disrupting pupil’s HVC activity when singing certain syllable?

A

Later general song production unaffected - poor production of previously-disrupted syllable

19
Q

What is the effect of a anterior forebrain pathway lesion?

A

Minimal effect of adult song

Freezes song development

20
Q

What is the effect of switching off the LMAN (output component) in adults and what happens after it is switched back on?

A

Sensorimotor learning can still occur - prevents changes in song production
Immediate presentation of effects of sensorimotor learning

21
Q

What are the different types of vocalisation in human speech development and when do they occur?

A 
0-3 months - non-speech sounds
3-7 months - vowel sounds
7-10 months - babbling
10-12 months - language-specific speech
12 months - words
22
Q

How does social interaction aid human language learning?

A

Visual input - e.g. gesturing to object of conversation

Interactive - adjust speech if listener not understanding

23
Q

How does brain activation change in response to speech after the 1st year in humans?

A

Initially only Wernicke’s area

After 1 year also Broca’s area

24
Q

What is the human equivalent of the HVC?

A

Premotor cortex

25
Q

What is the human equivalent of the robust nucleus?

A

Motor cortex

26
Q

What is the human equivalent of area X?

A

Basal ganglia

27
Q

What is the human equivalent of the DLM?

A

Thalamus

28
Q

What is the major difference between the vocalisation learning neural pathways in humans and birds?

A

Humans have direct connection from motor cortex to basal ganglia - birds do not

ANAT2008 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions