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ANAT2008 > Development of Movement > Flashcards

Development of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of a complete spinal cord transection in a cat?

A

Hing legs walk on treadmill

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2
Q

What is the effect of electrical stimulation of a cut spinal cord, and how does this change when the DRG is severed?

A

Alternating flexor and extensor activity in each limb - stepping
No change when DRG severed - afferent sensory input not required

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3
Q

What is the effect of grafting leg cord in place of wing cord in a developing chick?

A

Wings flap alternatively

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4
Q

What is the effect of grafting wing cord in place of leg cord in a developing chick?

A

Hopping - not walking

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5
Q

Which transcription factor is required for interneuron differentiation and which domain of the spinal cord is it in?

A

Dbx

In Vo progenitors

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6
Q

What is the effect of a Dbx1 KO in mice?

A

Unbalanced activity of excitatory central inhibitory neurons - hopping gait

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7
Q

What is the effect of cutting the central commissure of an embryo in vitro?

A

Fictive locomotor discharges become asynchronous - CINs required for left-right synchrony

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8
Q

Which post-synaptic plasma membrane ion transporter has a high expression level early in development and what is its effect?

A

NKCC1

Cotransporter - causes net Cl- influx

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9
Q

Which post-synaptic plasma membrane ion transporter has a high expression level in mature neurons and what is its effect?

A

KCC2

Causes net Cl- efflux

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10
Q

What are the inputs to CPGs?

A

Brain

Sensory feedback from periphery

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11
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Select motor program

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12
Q

What is the role of the MLR and DLR?

A

Command motor activity initiation - via symmetric activation of reticulospinal complex

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13
Q

What is the role of the tectum and hindbrain?

A

Affect symmetry of reticulospinal system firing - control steering

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14
Q

What is the role of the motor cortex in movement>

A

Not required for simple locomotion

Involved in visually-guided movement - in complex terrain

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15
Q

What information does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract carry to the cerebellum?

A

Sensory information of actual limb movements

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16
Q

What information does the ventral spinocerebellar tract carry to the cerebellum?

A

Afferent inout of state of CPG circuits

17
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Receives inputs from 2 spinocerebellar tracts
Compares actual against intended limb status - corrective adjustments sent to spinal cord via descending brainstem neurons

18
Q

What is the role of the midbrain locomotor region (MLR)?

A

Changes frequency and pattern of locomotor program - increasing stimulation intensity changes CIN activation - left and right limb movements become synchronised

19
Q

What is the role of 5HT in reticulospinal pathway development?

A

Causes upregulation of KCC2 - maturation of inhibitory neurotransmission - enables alternating left-right locomotor pattern

20
Q

What is the role of glutamate in reticulospinal pathway development?

A

Relays signals from brainstem command centres - important for locomotion initiation and speed control

21
Q

When do corticospinal tracts arrive in rat lumbar cord and what is the effect of this?

A

P6

Enables voluntary movements

22
Q

What is the role of the dopaminergic diencephalospinal tract?

A

Controls developmental transition in zebrafish swimming behaviour

23
Q

How do zebrafish swim at 3dpf?

A

Mainly immobile - occasional long rapid swims

24
Q

How do zebrafish swim at 4dpf?

A

Inflate swim bladder - postural control
Increased locomotion
Swims shorter and more frequent

25
Q

What is the effect of D4R antagonists on 3dpf larvae?

A

Prevents developmental movement switch

26
Q

What is the effect of D4R antagonists on 4dpf larvae?

A

Reverts swimming behaviour to immature form

27
Q

How do muscles develop?

A

Start with only pale fast type fibres - change to slow type where needed - give postural support - required for locomotion

ANAT2008 (18 decks)

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