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Cae 14 SBA > Development of reproductive system > Flashcards

Development of reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What gene determines sex and which gender is it present in?

A

SRY gene present in males but absent in females

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2
Q

Which cell type do the external genitalia develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm (same as urinary system)

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3
Q

What do leydig cells do?

A

Produce testosterone in the presence of Luteinizing hormone

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4
Q

Why does SRY gene presence determine sex?

A

Because it makes cells in the gonads differentiate into testis.

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5
Q

Name 3 cell types cells in the testis differentiate into

A
  1. Leydig cells.
  2. Sertoli cells
  3. Spermatogonia
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6
Q

Name two effects of the testosterone produced by the leydig cells?

A
  1. Induces mesonephric duct (wolfing duct) to form male genital tract
  2. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone which is responsible for differentiation of the external genitalia.
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7
Q

State 3 ways differentiation produces the external genitalia

A
  1. Genital tubercle become the penis
  2. Genital swelling becomes the scrotum
  3. Urethra epithelium becomes the prostate.
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8
Q

Which two hormones do Sertoli cells produce to form spermatozoa and male genital tract?

A

Androgen binding factor and Mullerian inhibiting substance

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9
Q

What does androgen binding factor do?

A

Turns spermatogonia into spermatozoa (testosterone also contributes to this)

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10
Q

What does mullerian inhibiting substance do?

A

Convert paramesonephric ducts into degenerated tissue

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11
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Covering around the scrotum

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12
Q

How does absence of SRY gene cause ovary formation?

A

Causes medulla to degenerate while the cortex remains and proliferates

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13
Q

What embryological feature forms the gonads?

A

The allantois

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14
Q

What are the primitive sex cords derived from and what induces their development?

A

Derived from mesonephros and overlying coelomic epithelium
Induced by primordial germ cells migrating from yolk sac (connected to hinfgut because the structures are continuous) to gonadal ridges via dorsal mesentery of hindgut (around 6th week)

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15
Q

What does the metanephros become in the adult?

A

The functional kidney

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16
Q

Which two structures is the functional kidney derived from?

A 
Ureteric bud
(Metanephric mass) intermediate mesoderm
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17
Q

Where is the site of gonad and metanephros development?

A

Urogenital ridge
(gonads - medial)
(metanephros - lateral)

18
Q

What 2 cell types is the gonadal ridge derived from?

A

Mesenchyme (derived from mesoderm and goes on to form connective tissue)
Germinal epithelium

19
Q

What does gonadal ridge become?

A

Testis or ovaries

20
Q

State the ducts that persist to form the male genital tract

A

Mesonephric duct (aka Wolffian duct)

21
Q

State the duct that persists to form the female genital tract

A

Paramesonephric duct

22
Q

What 3 structures does the urogenital sinus differentiate into in males in presence of mullerian inhibiting substance?

A

Prostate, urethral and bulbourethral glands

23
Q

What 5 structures does the mesonephric duct differentiate into in males in the presence of mullerian inhibiting substance?

A 
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididymis 
vas deferens
seminal vesicle
24
Q

What 3 structures does the medulla of the gonadal ridge differentiate into after the cortex has degenerated?

A

Rete testis, seminiferous tubules and tunica albuginea

25
Q

What is the main defect seen in the development of the male genital tract?

A

Cryptorchidism - ‘Abnormal testicular development’ - testis don’t migrate into the scrotum following the gubernaculum and into the processes vaginalis that forms.

26
Q

Why does cryptorchidism cause infertility

A

Suboptimal temperature

27
Q

Which structure forms the female genital tract?

A

The paramesonephric duct (aka mullerian duct)

28
Q

What 3 structures does the urogenital sinus differentiate to form?

A
  1. Paraurethral glands
  2. Greater vestibular glands
  3. Lower genital tract
29
Q

Describe the greater vestibular glands and their function

A

Female equivalent of bulbourethral glands. They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are posterior and lateral of the vaginal opening

30
Q

Which 3 structures does the paramesonephric duct differentiate into?

A
  1. Uterine tube
  2. Uterus
  3. Vagina
31
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the growth and fusion of genital folds to enclose the urethra within the penis?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

32
Q

What is the cause of hypospadias or epispadias?

A

Failure of fusion of genital folds (occurs around week 9)

33
Q

Describe the difference between hypospadias and epispadias

A

Hypospadias - urethra opens onto the ventral surface of the penis
Epispadias - urethra opens onto the dorsal surface

34
Q

Where do the scrotal raphe originate from?

A

The line of fusion

35
Q

Approximately when does development of female external genitalia occur?

A

Week 11

36
Q

Describe the development of the 3 parts of the female external genitalia

A

Glans clitoris from the genital tubercle
Labia minor from the genital folds
Labia major from the genital swellings

37
Q

What is the cause of Turner’s syndrome?

A

Absence of X chromosome in females

38
Q

What three processes don’t occur in the absence of an X chromosome in females?

A
  1. Primordial germ cells degenerate
  2. Gonads do not differentiate
  3. Genitalia do not mature
39
Q

What is the cause of Klinefelter syndrome?

A

An extra X chromosome in males

40
Q

Describe De La Chapelle syndrome

A

Abnormal presence of SRY gene in an X chromosome so male external genitalia develop in a genetic female

41
Q

Describe androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Failure of testosterone receptors in genetic males so differentiation not induced so default female genitalia develop instead

Cae 14 SBA (35 decks)

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