Breast development Flashcards
What is mammogenesis?
The growth and development of the breast
What is lactogenesis?
The functional changes that allow for milk secretion
What are the two stages of lactogenesis?
Secretory differentiation and secretory activation
Describe secretory activation
Its the onset of mature milk secretion that occurs 3-8 days after birth causing the volume of milk secreted to increase to 0.75-1L of milk per day.
What triggers secretory activation?
Triggered by a reduction in progesterone (caused by loss of placenta) in presence of prolactin (which stimulates milk production)
Describe secretory differentiation
Glands become sufficiently differentiated to secrete colostrum, this occurs in mid-pregnancy (about 16 weeks) until a few days after birth. Causes only a few ml of colostrum to be secreted
What triggers secretory differentiation?
Reduction in oestrogen
Which 4 hormones increase to stimulate mammogenesis and what are their functions?
- Oestrogen-
Causes growth and branching of the ductal system (where milk is stored)
Enables fat storage in stroma - Inhibits milk production - Progesterone - Causes lobule growth and increases the number of alveolar cells (where milk is produced)
- Human Placental lactogen (produced by placenta) AND Prolactin (secreted by pituitary gland) - both cause the development of secretory characteristics in alveolar cells (milk is secreted by exocytosis)
3 other results of mammogenesis
- Breasts enlarge due to alveolar lobular formation
- Subcutaneous veins enlarge to become more prominent.
- Areolar darkens and montgomery glands (bumps on areola) produce lipoid fluid to moisturise the nipple
Describe galactopoiesis
Maintains milk production from 9 days after birth
Describe the stages of galactopoiesis
- Milk is continually secreted into alveoli and if it isn’t removed it accumulates which triggers a feedback inhibitor of lactation. Milk is stimulated to be ejected by oxytocin and the effect of milk ejection is a positive feedback loop for the baby to keep suckling.
How is milk secretion controlled
Initially it is endocrine (oxytocin) but becomes more local autocrine
Define involution
Termination of milk production (decrease in size of breast with associated decrease in milk production)
Whens does involution occur?
Normally 40 days after the last breastfeed
Describe the process of involution
- Alveolar cells shrink and lose their secretory function due to accumulation of inhibitory peptides. 2. Epithelial cells no longer require secretory functions so are removed by apoptosis and replaced by adipocytes