Breast development Flashcards

1
Q

What is mammogenesis?

A

The growth and development of the breast

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2
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

The functional changes that allow for milk secretion

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3
Q

What are the two stages of lactogenesis?

A

Secretory differentiation and secretory activation

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4
Q

Describe secretory activation

A

Its the onset of mature milk secretion that occurs 3-8 days after birth causing the volume of milk secreted to increase to 0.75-1L of milk per day.

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5
Q

What triggers secretory activation?

A

Triggered by a reduction in progesterone (caused by loss of placenta) in presence of prolactin (which stimulates milk production)

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6
Q

Describe secretory differentiation

A

Glands become sufficiently differentiated to secrete colostrum, this occurs in mid-pregnancy (about 16 weeks) until a few days after birth. Causes only a few ml of colostrum to be secreted

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7
Q

What triggers secretory differentiation?

A

Reduction in oestrogen

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8
Q

Which 4 hormones increase to stimulate mammogenesis and what are their functions?

A
  1. Oestrogen-
    Causes growth and branching of the ductal system (where milk is stored)
    Enables fat storage in stroma - Inhibits milk production
  2. Progesterone - Causes lobule growth and increases the number of alveolar cells (where milk is produced)
  3. Human Placental lactogen (produced by placenta) AND Prolactin (secreted by pituitary gland) - both cause the development of secretory characteristics in alveolar cells (milk is secreted by exocytosis)
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9
Q

3 other results of mammogenesis

A
  1. Breasts enlarge due to alveolar lobular formation
  2. Subcutaneous veins enlarge to become more prominent.
  3. Areolar darkens and montgomery glands (bumps on areola) produce lipoid fluid to moisturise the nipple
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10
Q

Describe galactopoiesis

A

Maintains milk production from 9 days after birth

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11
Q

Describe the stages of galactopoiesis

A
  1. Milk is continually secreted into alveoli and if it isn’t removed it accumulates which triggers a feedback inhibitor of lactation. Milk is stimulated to be ejected by oxytocin and the effect of milk ejection is a positive feedback loop for the baby to keep suckling.
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12
Q

How is milk secretion controlled

A

Initially it is endocrine (oxytocin) but becomes more local autocrine

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13
Q

Define involution

A

Termination of milk production (decrease in size of breast with associated decrease in milk production)

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14
Q

Whens does involution occur?

A

Normally 40 days after the last breastfeed

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15
Q

Describe the process of involution

A
  1. Alveolar cells shrink and lose their secretory function due to accumulation of inhibitory peptides. 2. Epithelial cells no longer require secretory functions so are removed by apoptosis and replaced by adipocytes
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16
Q

What is the fundamental secretory unit of the breast and what is it surrounded by

A

Alveolus (surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells and adipose cells)

17
Q

Describe gross anatomy of breast ducts

A

Alveloi arrange into secretory lobule which drains into a ductule which drains into a lactiferous duct

18
Q

Which hormone causes milk production

A

Prolactin

19
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk ejection

A

Oxytocin (causes myoepithelial cells within mammary glands to contract)

20
Q

What effect does longer intervals between feeds have on fat content

A

Decreases fat content

21
Q

When is breast milk fat content highest

A

Mid-morning (lowest overnight)

22
Q

Primary role of colstrum

A

Immunological - contains high amounts of white blood cells and antibodies (especially IgA which coats lining of intestines in infants)

23
Q

Composition of colostrum

A

High conc proteins, growth factors, antimicrobial products and electrolytes
Low conc fat, carbs

24
Q

Whey/casein ratio in mature milk

A

60:40

25
Q

Carbohydrates present in mature breast milk

A

High lactose

Human milk oligosaccharides (i.e. probiotics to nourish gut flora)

26
Q

Fat composition in mature breast milk

A

Mainly triglycerides
Carry fat soluble vitamins
Fat content increases throughout feeding sessions

27
Q

Vitamins and mineral in breast milk

A

Low conc but efficiently absorbed

28
Q

5 benefits of breast milk

A
  1. Reduces uterine bleeding
  2. Reduces risk of breast cancer
  3. Reduces risk of ovarian cancer
  4. Improved birth spacing (due to lactational amenorrhea)
  5. free and available
29
Q

state 3 things that determine a good latch

A
  1. Infants mouth wide open
  2. Mothers nipple against the roof of the infants mouth
  3. Infants tongue against the bottom of the areola
30
Q

What is the difference in in presentation between sore/cracked nipple and a carnival infection?

A

With sore/cracked nipple there is severe nipple pain when the infant is suckling whereas with candid infection the pain continues between feeds