Anti-cancer drugs

Question 1

What occurs in stage G1 of cell cycle?

Answer 1

Cell prepares to undergo DNA replication by replicating organelles.

Question 2

What occurs in S phase?

Answer 2

DNA replicates

Question 3

Define prophase

Answer 3

Genetic material condenses into sister chromatids, nuclear membranes break down, centrioles form at opposite poles of the cell

Question 4

Define pro-metaphase

Answer 4

Sister chromatids align down the midline of cell along centrisome

Question 5

Define metaphase

Answer 5

Spindle fibres from from centrioles to centromeres

Question 6

Define Anaphase

Answer 6

Spindle fibres contract pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell

Question 7

Define telophase

Answer 7

Nuclear membrane forms around daughter cell nucleus

Question 8

Define cytokinesis

Answer 8

Cell membrane divides

Question 9

State 3 checkpoints and what they check for

Answer 9

1. G1 checkpoint (quality checks cell before it is replicated
2. G2 checkpoint (checked DNA replicated properly)
3. M phase checkpoint (checks mitosis occurred properly)

Question 10

What is the function of topoisomerase 2

Answer 10

It induces double strand breaks to reduce the tension and stabilise the DNA replication fork

Question 11

What bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 11

Thymine and cytosine (cut the pie = cytosine thymine pyrimidine)

Question 12

Describe MOA of alkylating agents

Answer 12

Covalently bind to alkyl groups in guanine to induce cross linking, inhibiting DNA replication and transcription

Question 13

Describe MOA of platinum agents

Answer 13

Bind to guanine and form DNA crosslinks that inhibit DNA replication and transcription

Question 14

Describe MOA of antimetabolite

Answer 14

Inhibits nucleotide synthesis

Question 15

How does methotrexatee inhibit nucleteotide synthesis

Answer 15

Inhibits DHFR causing the number of available nucleotides to deplete

Question 16

How does 5 fluorouracil inhibit nucleotide synthesis

Answer 16

Blocks thymidylate synthase

Question 17

Describe MOA of Anthracyclines

Answer 17

1. Inhibits topoisomerase 2 (prevents DNA relaxation and DNA reannealing (creates multiple dna double strand breaks)
2. Indirectly inhibits helices by intercalating to DNA, thus stabilising it
3. Produces reactive oxygen species which induce DNA/cell damage and apoptosis

Question 18

Describe antimicrotubule agents

Answer 18

1. Disrupts mitotic spindle of cell cycle to prevent separation of sister chromatids
2. Microtubels are important for cell migration so reduces metastasis
3. Spindle fibres involved in molecular cargo movements so cells undergoes apoptosis

Question 19

What is the MOA of anti-microtubule agents of Vinca alkaloids?

Answer 19

Prevent tubules assembly (mitotic spindle can’t assemble )

Question 20

What is MOA of anti-microtubule agents of Taxanes

Answer 20

Prevents tubules disassembly so microtubule can’t contract