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anatomy > Development of cardio/pulm > Flashcards

Development of cardio/pulm Flashcards

1
Q

In what direction does the laryngeotracheal diverticulum grow?

A

distally, and is separated from the esophagus by the tracheoesophageal septum

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2
Q

What is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  1. most common abnormality

2. improper formation of the tracheoesophageal septum

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3
Q

What is an esophageal atresia, and can this accompany a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  1. failure of the esophagus to properly form with the stomach.
  2. yes
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4
Q

What would be associated with EA, and TEF?

A

polyhydramnios, baby will not be able to swallow, and if so it will not be able to pas to the stomach

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5
Q

When do the trachea divide into the 2 bronchial buds?

A

week 4, which will become the primary bronchi

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6
Q

When do secondary bronchial buds form?

A

week 5 followed by the tertiary at week 6

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7
Q

What tissue differentiates into the smooth muscle, nerves, and blood vessels of the lungs?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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8
Q

What are the stages and time periods of lung development?

A
  1. embryonic (4-7wk)
  2. pseudoglandular (8-16wk)
  3. CANALICULAR (17-26wk)
  4. terminal sac (26wk to birth)
  5. postnatal (alveolar)
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9
Q

What forms during the embryonic stage of development at weeks 4-7?

A
  1. respiratory diverticulum and major bronchopulmonary segments
  2. lung grow into pleural cavity
  3. pleura differentiates
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10
Q

What forms during the pseudo glandular stage, 8-16wks?

A
  1. duct system of bronchopulmonary segment

2. no respiratory components

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11
Q

What forms during canalicular stage, 17-26wks?

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs
  2. increased vascularization
  3. capillaries develop in walls
  4. earliest possibly survivable birth
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12
Q

What happens during the terminal sacular stage? 26wk to birth?

A
  1. alveoli develop from respiratory bronchioles

2. epithelial lining differentiates into two cell types

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13
Q

What are the type I and type II pneumocytes used for in the lungs?

A
  1. type I: form air-blood barrier

2. type II: secrete surfactant, aids in alveolar expansion

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14
Q

What occurs in the postnatal stage of development?

A
  1. 90% alveoli form via septation of pre-existing alveoli
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15
Q

What can lead to infant respiratory distress syndrome, via immature or damaged type II pneumocytes?

A
  1. premature
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16
Q

How can low surfactant levels lead to IRDS?

A

causes lung collapse which causes hypoxia and sometimes death

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17
Q

Describe pulmonary agenesis

A

-absence of lung, bronchi and vasculature

18
Q

Describe pulmonary hypoplasia

A

small segment of lung. underdeveloped

19
Q

What is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

abdominal contents extend through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. Prone to pulmonary hypoplasia

20
Q

Where are congenital diaphragmatic hernias most commonly found?

A
  • posterolateral left side

- results when the pleuroperitoneal membranes do not fuse properly

21
Q

What are some simple ways to detect congenital diaphragmatic hernias?

A
  • flat abdomen, brethlessness that resolves with sitting upright.
  • cyanosis
22
Q

What vessels does blood drain out of the heart by in the developing fetus?

A

anterior and posterior cardinal veins that drain into the common cardinal vein

23
Q

What is considered the nursery for blood cells?

A

The vitelline which supplies and drains the yolk sac

24
Q

What does the sinus venosus become in the adult?

A

smooth portion of Rt atrium, coronary sinus, oblique vein of Lt atrium

25
Q

What does the primitive atrium become in an adult?

A

trabeculated part of L and R atria (auricles)

26
Q

What does the primitive ventricle become in the adult?

A

trabeculated L and R ventricles

27
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become in the adult?

A

smooth portion of R ventricle (sonus cordis) and of L ventricle (aortic vestibule)

28
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus become in the adult?

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk

29
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

the heart folds to the left instead of the right, causing it to displace to the right side. great vessels also translocate

30
Q

What forms the endocardial cushions? ECC

A

growing together of the dorsal and ventral blocks of tissue. this forms the L and R AV canals

31
Q

What is an atrioventricular communis?

A

if the ECC fails to fuse, this is the result and failure of L and R AV canals

32
Q

Ventricular Septal Defects (VSDs) develop in how many steps and what is this defect?

A
  1. upgrowth with the septum and fusion with a membranous portion which is most common to lead to this disease.
  2. allows shunting of blood between the L and R ventricles
33
Q

How does the atrial septum form?

A

septum primum grows to the ECC, it separates from the base, forming two passageways. the foramen primum closes, and the foramen secundum slowly begins to close.
-as the foramen secundum closes the tissues are offest, in order to form a flap to allow blood flow from R atrium to L atrium, bypassing the lungs

34
Q

How does blood bypass the lungs in the developing fetus?

A

the foramen ovale acts like a gate based on pressure flow. R atrial pressure> L atrial pressure causing blood to flow from R to L bypassing the lungs.
-inhalation causes the pressure gradient to flip and theoretically should close the foramen ovale

35
Q

What system do the vitelline veins become incorporated?

A

they become hepatic sinusoids, heptic veins, portion of the IVC, and drain some of the GI tract

36
Q

What is the role of the ductus venosus?

A

Connects the umbilical vein with the IVC, and bypasses the liver. provides oxygenated blood to the heart

37
Q

Where does the SVC come from?

A

R anterior and common cardinal veins

38
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot?

A

a VSD, with pulmonary stenosis and R ventricular hypertrophy

39
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

allows mixing of blood from the aorta and the pulmonary artery. causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

40
Q

At what point in development do type II pneumocytes develop?

A

week 12-13

41
Q

At what point of development at type I pneumocytes present and allow potential for a viable birth?

A

week 20

anatomy (18 decks)

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