Developing Fuels : Trouble with emissions / Other fuels Flashcards

1
Q

Is diesel sustainable

A

No; crude oil is running out

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2
Q

Benefits of diesel (2)

A
  1. Less CO2 produced than from a petrol engine

2. Already sold at petrol stations

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3
Q

Risks of diesel (2)

A
  1. Produces more NOx and particulates than a petrol engine

2. Particulates can irritate lungs

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4
Q

Is LPG / autogas sustainable

A

No; crude oil is running out

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5
Q

Benefits of LPG / autogas (2)

A
  1. Less CO, CO2, CxHy & NOx than from a petrol engine

2. Petrol engines easily converted

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6
Q

Risks of LPG / autogas

A

Needs to be stored under pressure so that it is a liquid

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7
Q

Is ethanol sustainable

A

Possibly not

- large amounts of energy needed for cultivating sugar cane for fermentation

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8
Q

Benefits of ethanol (4)

A
  1. Less CO, SO2 & NOx than from a car engine
  2. Has a high-octane number
  3. Sugar cane absorbs CO2 in growth
  4. Carbon neutral
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9
Q

Disadvantages of ethanol (2)

A
  1. Energy to distribute the ethanol could come from fossil fuels producing CO2
  2. Land used to grow crops fro fermentation could be used for food production
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10
Q

Risks of ethanol (2)

A
  1. Highly flammable

2. Too volatile

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11
Q

Are biodiesel / green diesel / biogas sustainable

A

Can be made from waste plant and animal oils & fats = renewable

But fossil fuels may be used as energy source in production

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12
Q

Benefits biodiesel / green diesel / biogas (4)

A
  1. Living things have absorbed CO2
  2. Biodegradable
  3. Less CO, CxHy, SO2 & particulates than from a Diesel engine
  4. Biodegradable if split
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13
Q

Disadvantages of biodiesel / green diesel / biogas

A

More NOx than conventional fossil fuels

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14
Q

Risks of biodiesel / green diesel / biogas

A

NOx emissions higher than a Diesel engine

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15
Q

Is hydrogen sustainable

A

Only if the electricity needed for electrolysis of water is from a renewable source such as solar cells

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16
Q

Benefits of hydrogen (4)

A
  1. Water is the only product of combustion
  2. Can be stored and pumped through pipes
  3. Can be used in internal engines or fuel cells to generate electricity
  4. No CO, CO2 or hydrocarbons
17
Q

Disadvantages of hydrogen (3)

A
  1. Source of electrolysis must be renewable
  2. Less energy per gram than petrol
  3. Oxides of nitrogen are produced when used in internal combustion engine
18
Q

Risks of hydrogen (2)

A
  1. Highly flammable

2. High-pressure fuel tank needed to store it as a liquid

19
Q

How is carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) formed

A

Complete combustion of C in fuel

20
Q

Potential problems of carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

Green house gasses leading to global warming

21
Q

Ways to reduce the problems of carbon dioxide (CO2 )

A

Burn less fossil fuel

22
Q

How is carbon monoxide ( CO ) formed

A

Incomplete combustion of C in fuel

23
Q

Problems of carbon monoxide (CO )

24
Q

Ways to reduce the problems of carbon monoxide (CO)

A

Catalytic converters oxidise CO to CO2

25
How is Carbon ( soot ) formed
Incomplete combustion of C in fuel
26
Problems of carbon ( soot )
Penetrate human body to cause lung cancer and heart attacks
27
How to reduce the problems of carbon ( soot )
Ensure there is a good supply of air/ oxygen when burned
28
How is sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) formed
Oxidation of sulphur impurities in fuels
29
Problems of sulphur dioxide ( SO2 )
Acid rain
30
Ways to reduce the problems of sulphur dioxide ( SO2 )
Remove sulphur from fuel = desulphurisation
31
How are nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) formed
Reaction of N2 in air with O2 in air at very high temperatures ( often in engines of furnaces )
32
Problems of nitrogen oxides ( NOx )
Acid rain
33
Ways to reduce the problems of nitrogen oxides (NOx )
Catalytic converter reduces NO to N2
34
How are unburned fuels formed
Not all fuel burns
35
Problems of unburned fuels
1. Wastes fuel 2. Harmful 3. Green house gas form photochemical smog
36
Ways to reduce the problems of unbend fuels
Provide excess oxygen