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PHA111 > Design Of Medicines > Flashcards

Design Of Medicines Flashcards

1
Q

formulation converts…

A

drug into medicine to achieve bioavailability, stability + efficacy

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2
Q

formulation includes…

A

methods of manufacture, ingredients, excipients, appearance, colour + taste

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3
Q

when should small scale products (extemporaneous dispensing/compounding) be used? and why?

A

when medicinal prod not available

because they cannot be well controlled

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4
Q

what are extemporaneous preparations?

A

medicines prepared depending on request (legal prescription) from prescriber

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5
Q

what are the factors that affect safety of medicine?

A
  • correct drug
  • correct dose
  • correct method of delivery (correct label)
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6
Q

what are the positive and negative therapeutic actions of a drug?

A

positive - medicinal purpose

negative - side effects

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7
Q

what is the shelf life of a pharmaceutical product?

A

period during which the product = expected to maintain its physical + chemical properties unchanged

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8
Q

shelf-lives for extemporaneous preparations do not exceed….

A

1 month

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9
Q

what are the different types of degradation?

A
  • chemical
  • physical
  • microbiological
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10
Q

what are suspensions?

A

preparations that contain fine drug particles distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle

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11
Q

the formulation of a suspension having optimal physical stability depends on …

A

whether particles = flocculated / remain deflocculated

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12
Q

describe the approaches to suspension formulations?

A
  1. dispersed phase (particles)
  2. addition of wetting agent + dispersion medium
  3. uniform dispersion of deflocculated particles (extemporaneous dispensing - stability only 2 weeks)
  4. incorporation of structured vehicle (deflocculation)
    OR
    addition of flocculating agent
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13
Q

if the powder is not wetted when the medium is added, what will happen and how can you overcome this?

A

particles will clump + float on top of vehicle —> uneven suspension

wetting agent should be added

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14
Q

during extemporaneous compounding of suspensions, what does the pharmacist do?

A
  • adds contents to mortar
  • crushes tablets using mortar with pestle
  • selective vehicle added slowly to create paste
  • then diluted to desired vol
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15
Q

liquid forms have faster…

A

decomposition compared to solid forms

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16
Q

exposure of product to light can have what effect?

A

deleterious effects on product integrity

17
Q

what can be added to protect against bacterial contamination?

A

preservative

18
Q

what are the details that must appear on the label of dispensed medicines?

A
  • name of preparation
  • quantity
  • instructions for patient
  • patients name
  • date of dispensing
  • name + address of pharmacy
  • warning/ advisory labels (shake bottle)
  • batch/prod number
  • expiry date
  • ‘keep out of reach of children’
19
Q

what are powders?

A

dry mixtures of finely divided medicinal + non-medicinal agents intended for internal/external use

20
Q

what are the advantages of powders?

A
  • solid prep more stable than liquid formulations
  • powders + granules = convenient forms as drugs with large doses dispensed easily
  • have faster dissolution rates than tablets/capsules
  • easy for compounding solids
21
Q

what are the disadvantages of powders?

A
  • less convenient for patients to carry
  • problematic in masking unpleasant taste
  • not suitable for administrating potent drugs
  • not suitable for drugs that = inactivated in stomach
  • not suitable for hygroscopic drugs
22
Q

how can you reduce particle size?

A

grind with mortar and pestle (trituration)

23
Q

what is levigation?

A

when non-solvent is added to the solid to form paste

rubbing the paste in a mortar with pestle

24
Q

when mixing 2/more powders, what method is applied?

A

geometric dilution

to obtain uniform distribution

25
Q

what are divided powders dispensed in the form of?

A

individual doses

dispensed in folded papers / parchment

26
Q

for greater protection, how can you dispense powders?

A

use small cellophane/ polyethylene envelopes

27
Q

what advisory comments would you add for powders that are to be applied externally?

A
  • store in cool dry place
  • lightly dust powder onto affected area
  • area should not be too wet as powder will cake and abrade skin
  • should not be applied to broken skin / large raw areas
28
Q

if a powder is hygroscopic, what should storage be?

A

moisture proof + airtight

29
Q

period of standing for flocculated solutions

A

as times inc, sedimentation area gets smaller

30
Q

period of standing for deflocculates solutions

A

solution begins to cake

PHA111 (30 decks)

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