Aromatic Chemistry 6 Flashcards
ortho-para directing substituents have an …
activating effect
meta directing substituents have an …
deactivating effect
electron withdrawing effect
a substituent is activating if …
it is more reactive than benzene
a substituent is deactivating if …
is it less reactive than benzene
Cl donates through … and withdraws through …
resonance effect
inductive effect
meta positions are …
unreactive
the inductive effect
- works through sigma framework
- substituents less electronegative than hydrogen donate electron density —> More reactive
- substituents more electronegative than benzene withdraw electron density —> Less reactive
electron donation via resonance
- anisole = more electronegative substituent than H
- withdraws electron density via induction
- lone pairs on oxygen donate electron density via resonance
resonance pushes electron density into the …
ring
especially in ortho and para positions
position at ortho should be more…
reactive
substituents that donate electron density via induction are …
ortho/para directors
substituents that donate electron density via resonance are …
ortho/para directors
the ratio of product between ortho/para positions depends on …
steric bulk
bulky substituents prefer to be … to each other
para
reaction of nitrobenzene is more likely to occur at …
meta attack
