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DIAGNOSIS & FORMULATION > DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS (WK7) > Flashcards

DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS (WK7) Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY COGNITIVE FEATURES OF DEPRESSION?

A

*RELENTLESS NEGATIVE THOUGHTS
*RUMINATION
*SELF-CRITICISM
*WORRY
*SUICIDAL THOUGHTS
*INDECISIVENESS
*HOPELESSNESS

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2
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY EMOTIONAL FEATURES OF DEPRESSION?

A

*FEELING EMPTY
*UNABLE TO ENJOY LIFE
*TEARFUL
*GRUMPY
*IRRITABLE
*FEELINGS OF GUILT

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY PHYSICAL FEATURES OF DEPRESSION?

A

*SLUGGISH
*LETHARGIC
*RESTLESS
*AGITATED
*SLEEP DISTURBANCE
*APPETITIE CHANGE
*LOSS OF SEX DRIVE
*ACHES

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY BEHAVIOURAL FEATURES OF DEPRESSION?

A

*SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL
*AVOIDANCE
*UNABLE TO STOP AND RELAX

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR MDD?

A

A) 5+ OF THE ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS DURING A 2 WEEK PERIOD
B) SYMPTOMS CAUSE CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DISTRESS OR IMPAIRMENT
C) NOT CAUSED BY SUBSTANCES OR MEDICAL CONDITIONS
D) EPISODE IS NOT BETTER EXPLAINED BY SCHOZIAFFECTIVE DISORDER
E) NO HISTORY OF MANIC OR HYPOMANIC EPISODE.

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE DSM-5 ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS FOR MDD?

A

*DEPRESSED MOOD MOST OF THE DAY, NEARLY EVERYDAY
*DIMINISHED INTEREST OR PLEASURE IN DAILY ACTIVITIES
*INSOMNIA / HYPERSOMNIA
*PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION
*FEELINGS OF WORTHLESSNESS
*INDECISIVENESS
*SUICIDAL IDEATION

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7
Q

WHAT IS AN MDD SINGLE EPISODE?

A

A FIRST EPISODE OF MDD WHERE THERE A 5 OR MORE SYMPTOMS IN A 2 WEEK PERIOD

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8
Q

WHAT MAKES AN MDD RECURRENT EPISODE?

A

THERE MUST BE AT LEAST 2 MONTHS BETWEEN THE END OF ONE EPISODE AND THE BEGINNING OF ANOTHER.

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9
Q

WHAT IS MDD?

A

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

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10
Q

WHEN DIAGNOSING MDD WHAT MUST THE CLINICAN SPECIFY?

A

*WHETHER THERE IS A SEASONAL PATTERN
*WHETHER THERE ARE PSYCHOTIC FEATURES

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11
Q

IS DEPRESSION THE SAME AS GRIEF?

A

BOTH MAY INVOLVE INTENSE SADNESS AND WITHDRAWAL FROM USUAL ACTIVITIES, BUT IN GRIEF SELF-ESTEEM IN MAINTAINED WHERE IT IS NOT IN DEPRESSION.

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12
Q

WHAT IS BEREAVEMENT EXCLUSION?

A

A NEW DSM CATEGORY WHICH DISCOURAGES DIAGNOSING DEPRESSIVE EPISODES IN PEOPLE GRIEVING THE LOSS OF A LOVED ONE.

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13
Q

WHAT IS PDD?

A

PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE DSM-5 CRITERIA FOR PDD?

A

A) DEPRESSED MOOD MOST OF THE DAY NEARLY EVERYDAY, MOST DAYS THAN NOT, FOR 2 YEARS.
B) 2+ OF THE ASSOICATED PDD SYMPTOMS
C) DURING THE 2 YEARS, HAVE NEVER BEEN WITHOUT A OR B CRITERIA FOR MONTH THAN 2 MONTHS AT A TIME
D) CRITERIA FOR MDD MAY BE CONTINUSOUSLY PRESENT FOR 2 YEARS
E) NEVER BEEN A MANIC OR HYPOMANIC EPISODE.
F) NOT BETTER EXPLAINED BY SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER
G) NOT DUE TO EFFECT OF SUBSTANCES OF MEDICAL CONDITION

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15
Q

IN THE USA, WHAT IS THE PREVALANCE RATE OF MDD?

A

5.2% TO 17%

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE WORLDWIDE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE OF MDD>?

A

4% TO 10%

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17
Q

WHICH POPULATION IS MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MDD?

A

FEMALES - THEY ARE 2-3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP MDD

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18
Q

WHAT TYPE OF DISORDER IS MDD?

A

A HIGHLY RECURRENT DISORDER.

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19
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE WITH FIRST ONSET OF MDD EXPERIENCE AT LEAST 1 RECURRENCE?

A

72?

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20
Q

WHAT FACTORS INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF RECURRENCE OF MDD?

A

*FIRST ONSET OCCURED AT A YOUNGER AGE
*LESS SOCIAL SUPPORT
*FAMILY HISTORY
*GENDER
*ENDURED MORE STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS

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21
Q

WHAT ARE SOME COMMON COMORBID CONDITIONS ALONGISDE MDD?

A

*ANXIETY
*SUBSTANCE USER DISORDERS
*EATING DISORDERS

22
Q

WHAT DOES SSRI STAND FOR?

A

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

23
Q

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ANTI-DEPRESSANTS?

A

*SSRI’S
*TRICYCLIC
*MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS

24
Q

WHAT IS THE MONOAMINE HYPOTHESIS?

A

PREDICTS THAT THE UNDERLYING PATHPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS IS A DEPLETION IN THE LEVELS OF SEROTONIN, NOREPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE.

25
Q

WHAT BRAIN AREA DOES DEPRESSION DECREASE THE ACTIVATION OF?

A

*HIPPOCAMPUS
*PREFRONTAL CORTEX
*ANTERIOR CINGULATE

26
Q

WHAT BRAIN AREA DOES DEPRESSION INCREASE ACTIVATION IN?

A

AMYGDALA

27
Q

WHAT ARE SOME NON-DRUG BRAIN TREATMENTS FOR DEPRESSION?

A

*ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
*TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
*DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

28
Q

HOW MUCH MORE LIKELY ARE INDIVIDUALS WITH A FIRST DEGREE RELATIVE WITH MDD, TO DEVELOP THE DISORDER?

A

3 TIMES MORE LIKELY

29
Q

WHAT IS THE SUGGESTED HERITABILITY OF DEPRESSION?

A

30-40%

30
Q

WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO DEPRESSION?

A

*FINANCIAL ISSUES
*HOUSING ISSUES
*BEREAVEMENT
*DIVORCE
*WORK LIFE
*CARING RESPONSIBILITIES
*PHYSICAL HEALTH

31
Q

WHAT ARE SOME VULNERABILITY SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR DEPRESSION?

A

*CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY
*FAMILY TURMOIL
*PARENTING STYLE
*LOW SES
*COGNITIVE STYLE

32
Q

WHAT IS THE LINK BETWEEN ATTACHMENT AND ADULT DEPRESSION?

A

LOSS OF ATTACHMENT FIGURE IN CHILDHOOD CAN PREDISPOSE ADULT DEPRESSION.

33
Q

WHAT TYPE OF ATTACHMENT STYLE TENDS TO HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS?

A

INSECURE ATTACHMENT STYLES

34
Q

HOW IS PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION?

A

AFFECTIONLESS CONTROL PARENTING STYLES HAVE SHOWN TO BE A STRONG PREDICTOR OF DEPRESSION.

35
Q

WHAT IS AN AFFECTIONLESS CONTROL PARENTING?

A

PARENTING STYLE THAT HAS LOW WARMTH, BUT HIGH PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTROL.

36
Q

WHAT DOES THE BEHAVIOURAL MODEL’S SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY ARGUE ABOUT DEPRESSION?

A

PEOPLE BECOME DEPRESSED BECUASE THEIR RESPONSES NO LONGER PRODUCE A POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT OR THE RATE OF NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES INCREASES.

37
Q

EXPLAIN THE BEHAVIOURAL DOWNWARD SPIRAL?

A

DIFFICULT LIFE CONTEXT/EVENT LEADS TO LESS PARTICIPATION IN ENJOYABLE ACTIVIITES WHICH RESULTS IN SADNESS AND GUILT. THEY THEN ATTEMPT TO COPE THROUGH AVOIDANCE.

38
Q

WHAT IS BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVATION?

A

A STRUCTURED PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH WHICH FOCUSES ON BEHAVIOUR CHANGE IN DEPRESSION.

39
Q

WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVATION?

A

*INCREASE ENGAGEMENT IN ADAPTIVE ACTIVITIES
*DECREASE ENGAGEMENT IN ACTIVITIES THAT MAINTAIN DEPRESSION
*SOLVE PROBLEMS THAT LIMIT ACCESS TO REWARD

40
Q

WHAT IS SOME EVIDENCE FOR THE BEHAVIOURAL MODEL IN DEPRESSION?

A

*LOWER ACTIVITY LEVELS AND MOOD VARY WITH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES
*STRONG LINK BETWEEN POSITIVE LIFE EVENTS AND HAPPINESS AND LIFE SATISFACTION
*SOCIAL REWARDS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL OF DEPRESSION

41
Q

WHO PROPOSED THE COGNITIVE TRIAD MODEL?

A

BECK IN 1967

42
Q

WHAT DOES THE COGNITIVE TRIAD ARGUE?

A

*COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION PRECEDE AND CAUSE MOOD SYMPTOMS
*CAUSES BIAS IN OUR WAYS OF THINKING AND PROCESSING OF INFORMATION
*OCCURS WHEN LIFE EVENT ACTIVATE NEGATIVE SCHEMAS WHICH UNDERPIN COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS

43
Q

WHEN DO SCHEMAS FORM?

A

IN EARLY CHILDHOOD.

44
Q

WHAT ARE SOME NEGATIVE COGNITIVE BIASES IN DEPRESSION?

A

*ALL-OR-NONE REASONING
*SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION
*ARBITRARY INFERENCE
*DISQUALIFYING THE POSITIVE
*OVERGENERALISATION
*MAGNIFICATION

45
Q

WHAT IS THE SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION COGNTIVE ERROR?

A

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF JUST ONE OF MANY ELEMENTS OF A SITUATION.

46
Q

WHAT IS THE ARBITRARY INFERENCE COGNTIVIE ERROR?

A

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS WHEN THERE IS LITTLE OR NO EVIDENCE

47
Q

WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT COGNITIVE THEORY IN DEPRESSION?

A

*THESE PEOPLE EXPERIENCE MORE INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS
*THESE PEOPLE TEND TO REMEMBER MORE NEGATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THEMSELVES.

48
Q

WHAT IS LEARNED HELPLESSNESS?

A

THE IDEA THAT FOLLOWING STRESSFUL LIFE EVENT(S), DEPRESSION MAY DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF LEARNING PASSIVITY.

49
Q

WHAT IS HOPELESSNESS THEORY?

A

A THEORY WHICH ARGUES DEPRESSED INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE LIKELY TO ATTRIBUTE NEGATIVE EVENTS TO CAUSES WHICH ARE INTERNAL, STABLE AND GLOBAL.

50
Q

WHAT DOES FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY ARGUE ABOUT DEPRESSION?

A

*PRODUCED AND SUSTAINED BY SOCIAL AND RELATIONSHIP ISSUES
*MOOD PROBLEMS MAY LEAD TO FAMILIAL DIFFICULTIES

51
Q

WHO, ACCORDING TO THE HOPELESSNESS THEORY, IS MORE VULNERABLE TO DEPRESSION?

A

THOSE WHO HAVE A RELATIVELY STABLE AND CONSISTENT PESSIMISTIC ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE.

DIAGNOSIS & FORMULATION (8 decks)

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