ANXIETY DISORDERS (WK5) Flashcards
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ALL ADULTS IN THE UK IN 2022 REPORTED HIGH ANXIETY?
34%
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ALL WOMEN IN THE UK IN 2022 REPORTED HIGH ANXIETY?
37%
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ALL 16-29 YEAR OLDS IN THE UK IN 2022 REPORTED HIGH ANXIETY?
42%
HOW MANY PEOPLE APPROXIMATELY HAVE GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER?
6 IN 100 PEOPLE
HOW MANY PEOPLE APPROXIMATELY HAVE SPECIFIC PHOBIAS?
2 IN 100 PEOPLE
HOW MANY PEOPLE APPROXIMATELY HAVE PANIC DISORDER?
LESS THAN 1 IN 100 PEOPLE
WHERE DOES ANXIETY BEGIN IN THE BRAIN?
HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS (HPA)
EXPLAIN THE HPA AXIS IN ANXIETY?
THE PITUITARY GLAND IS ACTIVATED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS, PROMOTING THE RELEASE OF ACHT INTO THE ADRENAL GLANDS. THIS CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF CORTISOL AND EPINEPHRINE WHICH TRIGGERS THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT PROCESS.
WHAT ARE SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY?
*HEART PALPITATIONS
*SWEATING
*BLUSHING
*DIZZINESS
*NAUSEA
*MUSCLE ACHES
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DIAGNOSING ANXIETY DISORDERS?
*SYMPTOMS CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DISTRESS AND/OR IMPAIRMENT
*SYMPTOMS ARE NOT DUE TO ANOTHER DISORDER
WHAT IS THE DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SPECIFIC PHOBIAS?
A) MARKED FEAR FOR A SPECIFIC STIMULUS
B) PHOBIC STIMULUS ALMOST ALWAYS PROVOKES IMEMDIATE FEAR
C) STIMULUS IS ACTIVELY AVOIDED OR TOLERATED WITH INTENSE FEAR
D) FEAR IS OUT OF PROPORTION TO THE ACTUAL THREAT POSED
E) THE FEAR, ANXIETY, OR AVOIDANCE IS PERSISTANT. TYPICALLY LASTING 6 OR MORE MONTHS
WHAT IS THE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE OF SPECIFIC PHOBIAS?
3% TO 15% ACROSS DIFFERENT STUDIES IN DIFFERENT CULTURES
WHICH GENDER CONSISTENTLY IS MORE COMMON TO SPECIFIC PHOBIAS?
FEMALES
WHAT ARE THE 2 MOST COMMON PHOBIC STIMULI?
*ANIMALS
*HEIGHTS
WHAT APPROXIMATE GENETIC CONTRIBUTION IS SUGGESTED FOR SPECIFIC PHOBIAS?
30%
WHAT IS THE DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER?
A) MARKED FEAR ABOUT 1+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS WHERE POSSIBLE SCRUNITY FROM OTHERS COULD OCCUR
B) FEAR THEY WILL ACT IN A WAY OR SHOW ANXIETY SYMPTOMS THAT WILL BE NEGATIVELY EVAULATED
C) SOCIAL SITUATIONS ALMOST ALWAYS PRVOKE FEAR
D) SOCIAL SITUATIONS ARE AVOIDED OR TOLERATED WITH FEAR
E) FEAR IS OUT OF PROPORTION TO ACTUAL THREAT POSED
F) FEAR / AVOIDANCE IS PERSISTANT. LASTING 6 OR MORE MONTHS.
WHAT IS THE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER?
4%
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON AGE FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER ONSET?
11 - 17 YEARS OLD
WHICH POPULATION IS SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER MORE COMMON IN?
FEMALES WITH A LOW EDUCATION LEVEL AND LOW INCOME LEVEL
WHAT IS THE DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PANIC DISORDER?
A) RECURRENT UNEXPECTED PANIC ATTACKS
B) AT LEAST ONE ATTACH HAS BEEN FOLLOWED BY 1+ MONTH OF PERSISTENT WORRY ABOUT FUTURE ATTACKS/CONSEQUENCES OR SIGNIFICANT NON-BENEFICIAL MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOUR
WHAT IS A PANIC ATTACK?
IS AN ABRUPT SURGE OF INTENSE FEAR OR DISCOMFORT.
WHAT SYMPTOMS CAN BE PRESENT DURING A PANIC ATTACK?
*HEART PALPITATIONS
*SWEATING
*TREMBLING / SKAING
*FEELING OF CHOKING
*SHORTNESS OF BREATH
*CHEST PAIN
*NAUSEA
*PARASTHESIAS
*DEREALISATION
*DIZZINESS
WHAT IS MEANT BY PARASTHESIAS?
REFERS TO NUMBNESS OR TINGLING SENSATIONS.
WHAT IS THE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE OF PANIC ATTACKS?
13.2%
WHAT IS THE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE OF PANIC DISORDER?
1.7%
WHAT IS THE MEDIAN ONSET AGE OF PANIC DISORDER?
32 YEARS OLD
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE WITH PANIC DISORDER HAVE A COMORBID MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER?
OVER 80%
WHAT ARE SOME COMMON FEARS IN PANIC DISORDER?
*I AM HAVING A HEART ATTACK
*I AM GOING TO PASS OUT
*I AM LOSING CONTROL
WHAT IS THE DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER?
A) EXCESSIVE WORRY OCCURING MORE DAYS THAN NOT FOR AT LEAST 6 MONTHS
B) DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING THE WORRY
C) ASSOCIATED WITH 3 OR MORE OF THE ASSOICATED DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS
WHAT ARE THE ASSOCIATED DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS OF GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER?
*RESTLESSNESS
*FEELING ON EDGE
*EASILY FATIGUED
*MIND GOING BLANK
*IRRITABILITY
*MUSCLE TENSION
*SLEEP DISTURBANCE
WHAT IS THE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE IN THE USA FOR GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER?
5%
WHAT IS THE MEDIAN AGE OF ONSET FOR GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER?
30 YEARS OLD
WHAT POPULATION IS GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER MORE COMMON IN?
- WOMEN
*LOWER INCOME GROUPS
WHAT IS THE GENETIC INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER?
0.13 - 0.60
WHY DOES PANIC DISORDER HAVE A SUGGESTED GENETIC CONTRIBUTION?
BECAUSE LIFE-TIME PREVALANCE RATES ARE HIGHER IN PEOPLE WITH FIRST DEGREE RELATIVE WITH A DIAGNOSIS.
WHAT TEMPERAMENT FACTOR PREDICTS LATER ANXIETY DISORDERS?
BEHAVIOURAL INHIBITION
WHAT ANXIETY DISORDER(S) ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN 4 YEARS OLD WITH BEHAVIOURAL INHIBITION?
*SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
*GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER
WHAT SOCIAL FACTORS CAN BE RELATED TO THE ONSET OF ANXIETY DISORDERS?
*ILLNESS OR INJURY
*BEREAVEMENT
*UNEMPLOYMENT
*RELATIONSHIP DISSOLUTION
*MAJOR FINANCIAL CRISIS
*CRIME
HOW DO SOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCE PANIC DISORDER?
THROUGH A CUMULATIVE EFFECT WHICH LEADS TO VULNERABULITY
WHAT SOCIAL FACTORS ARE MORE LIKELY TO INCREASE VULNERABILITY TO PANIC DISORDER IN ADULTS?
*THREAT
*RELATIONSHIP LOSS (BEREAVEMENT OR DIVORCE)
*HEALTH PROBLEMS
WHAT SOCIAL FACTORS ARE MORE LIKELY TO INCREASE VULNERABILITY TO PANIC DISORDER IN CHILDREN?
*ABUSE
*LOSS
*SEPARATION
WHAT IS THE LINK BETWEEN SES AND ANXIETY?
LOW SES IS CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RATES OF ANXIETY, PARTICULARLY IN WOMEN.
WHICH ACE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF PANIC DISORDER?
PARENTAL LOSS
WHICH ACE IS ASSOICATED WITH SOCIAL ANXIETY?
CHILDHOOD EMOTIONAL NEGLECT
WHAT ACE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF ALL ANXIETY DISORDERS?
BULLYING
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE PHRASE “ANXIETY CAN BE INTERGENERATIONAL”?
IF PARENTS ARE ANXIOUS, IT TEACHES CHILDREN TO BE ALSO DUE TO THE HIGHER LEVELS OF PARENTAL CONTROL AND LOWER LEVELS OF WARMTH / ENGAGEMENT WITH THE WORLD.
WHAT DOES THE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
CHALLENGES IN EARLY RELATIONSHIPS CAN LEAD TO HOSTILITY TOWARD PARENTAL FIGURES CAUSING INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT.
THE DEFENSE MECHANISM OF PROJECTION CAUSES WHICH ANXIETY DISORDER(S)?
*SOCIAL ANXIETY
*GENERALISED ANXIETY
ACCORDING TO THE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL HOW DOES DEFENCE MECHANISM CAUSE PANIC?
THROUGH FAILING.
WHAT DOES THE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL OF ATTACHMENT ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
A DISRUPTED EARLY ATTACHMENT LEADS TO THE INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF OTHERS AS BEING UNRELIABLE AND THE SELF AS UNLOVEABLE. THIS MAKES PEOPLE SENSITIVE TO THREATENED LOSS AND RESULTS IN OVERT ANXIETY.
WHAT DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
IT OCCURS WHEN A NEUTRAL STIMULUS IS PAIRED WITH A NEGATIVE EXPERIENCE RESULTING IN THE STIMULUS BEING FEARED.
WHICH FAMOUS STUDY REPRESENTED CLASSICIAL CONDITIONING AND ANXIETY?
THE LITTLE ALBERT STUDY
WHAT DOES THE BEHAVIOURAL MODEL’S VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT NOTION ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
WE WATCH OTHERS EXPERIENCE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES AND THEREBY FEAR THE OBSERVED SITUATION OURSELVES.
WHAT DOES THE BEHAVIOURAL MODEL’S LEARNING EXPERIENCE NOTION ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
EARLY POSITIVE EXPERIENCE WITH A STIMULUS LEADS TO REDUCED FEAR OF A SITUATION EVEN WHEN PAIRED WITH A NEGATIVE OUTCOME.
WHAT DOES THE BEHAVIOURAL MODEL’S EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCES NOTION ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
NATURALLY DANGEROUS OBJECTS ARE MORE EASILY CONDITIONED TO BE FEARED.
WHAT DOES THE COGNITIVE MODEL MEAN BY SAFETY BEHAVIOURS?
SPECIFIC BEHAVIOURS AIMED AT REDUCING ANXIETY. THEREFORE THESE ARE A TYPE OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT.
WHAT ARE SAFETY BEHAVIOURS RELATED TO?
THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE.
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SAFETY BEHAVIOURS?
*ESCAPE / AVOIDANCE
*PROXIMITY-SEEKING
*REASSURANCE-SEEKING
*RITUALS
*CHECKING
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE CONGITIVE MODEL’S METACOGNITION APPROACH IN ANXIETY?
BELIEFS ABOUT THE THOUGHT PROCESS ITSELF WHICH MAINTAIN ANXIETY.
WHAT DOES THE FAMILY SYSTEMS APPROACH ARGUE ABOUT ANXIETY?
PARENTS HAVE ELVATED ANXIETY, TO WHICH CHILDREN MIMIC. THIS INCREASES THE PARENTS ANXIETY FURTHER. THEY THEN PROMOTE THE USE OF SAFETY BEHAVIOURS.
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CBT MODEL OF ANXIETY DISORDERS?
EARLY EXPERIENCES FORM OUR COGNITIVE BELIEFS, THESE THEN RESULT IN DYSFUNCTIONAL ASSUMPTION. A TRIGGERING EVENT LEADS TO A NEGATIVE AUTOMATIC THOUGHT WHICH RESULTS IN CERTAIN BEHAVIOURS, PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS AND EMOTIONS.
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CBT MODEL OF PANIC DISORDER?
A TRIGGERING EVENT ELEVATES HEART RATE WHICH RESULTS IN A NEGATIVE AUTOMATIC THOUGHT. THIS CREATES HIGH PANIC. THIS INCREASES HEART RATE FURTHER AND FUELS THE THOUGHT. IT ALSO LEADS TO HELP-SEEKING AND ESCAPE BEHAVIOURS.
