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Psychiatry 🤓 > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is depression?

A

A medical condition that describes a spectrum of symptoms and signs relating to low mood that persist over a period of >2 weeks

Depression can range from normal experience to severe, life-threatening illness.

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2
Q

What is the typical duration of a depressive episode?

A

4-6 months

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3
Q

List key symptoms of depression.

A
  • Anhedonia; low mood
  • Reduced interest/pleasure
  • Reduced energy or fatigue
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4
Q

What are associated cognitive symptoms of depression?

A
  • Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation
  • Low self-worth or excessive guilt
  • Future hopelessness
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5
Q

What are associated biological symptoms of depression?

A
  • Disrupted sleep
  • Reduced concentration and attention
  • Significant changes in appetite or weight
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
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6
Q

What additional criteria must be met for a depression diagnosis?

A
  • Significant functional impairment
  • Not attributable to psychoactive substance use or organic mental disorder
  • No hypomanic or manic episodes
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7
Q

What characterizes mild depression according to ICD-11?

A
  • Four symptoms
  • Distressed by symptoms to a mild extent
  • Difficulty functioning in one or more domains
  • No delusions or hallucinations
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8
Q

What defines moderate depression according to ICD-11?

A
  • Five to six symptoms
  • Few depressive symptoms present to a marked degree
  • Considerable difficulty functioning in multiple domains
  • Without psychosis
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9
Q

What are the features of severe depression according to ICD-11?

A
  • Seven or more symptoms
  • Many depressive symptoms present to a marked degree
  • Serious difficulty functioning in most domains
  • With/Without psychosis
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10
Q

What is postnatal depression?

A

An affective disorder affecting 10-15% of women presenting with depressive symptoms, often starting within a month or two after giving birth.

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11
Q

Name three differential diagnoses of depression.

A
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
  • Dysthymia
  • Bipolar disorder
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12
Q

What is the epidemiological ratio of depression in females to males?

A

2:1

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13
Q

List five risk factors for depression.

A
  • Previous depression
  • History of substance misuse
  • Family history of depression or suicide
  • Domestic violence
  • Recent stressful life event
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14
Q

What are some causative physical illnesses of depression?

A
  • Cerebral tumour
  • Stroke
  • Parkinson’s
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Neurodegenerative conditions
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15
Q

What medications can cause depression?

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Beta-blockers
  • Antidepressants
  • Alcohol
  • Recreational drugs
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16
Q

What investigations are used for diagnosing depression?

A
  • Social: collateral history and old notes
  • Medical: urine drug screen, glucose, thyroid function tests
17
Q

What are some measurement tools or scores to assess depression?

A
  • Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID)
  • Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9)
18
Q

What does a PHQ-9 score of 0-5 indicate?

A

Mild depression

19
Q

What are the first steps in the management of depression?

A
  • Recognition and Advice
  • Active Monitoring and Low-Intensity Psychosocial Interventions
20
Q

What is the recommended treatment for moderate-severe depression?

A
  • SSRI OR Therapy OR Combined treatment
21
Q

What should be done for non-responders after 3 to 4 weeks of treatment?

A
  • Increase level of support and dose OR switch to another antidepressant
22
Q

What pharmacological agents are commonly used for depression?

A
  • SSRIs
  • SNRIs
  • TCAs
  • MAOIs
23
Q

What are some psychological therapies for depression?

A
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  • Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
  • Individual Dynamic Psychotherapy (IDP)
24
Q

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

A

A treatment that uses electric current to induce a seizure for therapeutic results.

25
Q

What is the follow-up protocol for patients starting antidepressants?

A
  • 2 weeks after starting, then intervals of every 2 to 4 weeks for 3 months

Psychiatry 🤓 (28 decks)

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