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AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 > Dental Radiography > Flashcards

Dental Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

Wall-mounted dental X-ray generator - adv

A
  • Easier to use + position when learning dental radiography positioning as you are able to stand away to assess the position
  • Easier to make adjustments, positioning isn’t quite correct as the X-ray head remains in the same position whilst the image is being generated
  • Fewer concerns from RPAs (radiation protection advisors) usually as the operator is able to leave the room during an exposure
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2
Q

Handheld dental X-ray generator - adv

A
  • If competent w/ positioning - quicker than wall-mounted
  • Portable, can be moved around to diff rooms/places
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3
Q

Digital dental radiography - adv

A
  • Inc magnification -> detailed clinical pathology
  • Multiple exposures
  • Reduced running costs
  • Speed of image production
  • Reduction in radiation doses
  • Elimination of processing chemicals
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4
Q

Direct digital radiography (DR systems)

A
  • Sensor connected directly to computer, usually via a wire
  • Single size
  • Very fast image production - 3 - 4 s on screen
  • Sensor stays in position during image production and so positional changes are easier to assess
  • Image quality: 25 – 33 lp/mm = resolution
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5
Q

Indirect digital radiography (CR)

A
  • More similar to films - flexible + different sizes = adv, shapes + larger film than DR, useful in rabbits
  • Film has to be removed from patient’s mouth for processing - 10 - 15 s
    Image quality:
  • Dental specific: CR7 25 – 40 lp/mm
  • CR converters: 5 – 8 lp/mm = low resolution
  • Disadv - remove, film, would need to reposition, difficult for adjustments, slower process
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Indications for dental x-rays

A
  • Assess anatomy
  • Periodontitis
  • Pulp necrosis
  • Dental Fx
  • Tooth resorption
  • Chronic gingivostomatitis/chronic ulcerative paradontal stomatitis
  • Persistent deciduous teeth - roots resorbed - only crown of tooth that comes away
  • Malocclusion
  • Supernumerary/malerupted/unerupted teeth + dentigerous cysts
  • Caries
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8
Q

Pathology

A

Dilaceration - abnormal bend in root/crown - change X process

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9
Q

Pathology

A
  • Root anatomy
  • Supernumerary third root in third pre-molar
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10
Q

Pathology

A

Supernumerary third root in cat’s fourth pre-molar

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11
Q

Pathology

A

Periodontal disease - horizontal + vertical bone loss

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12
Q

Pathology

A
  • Periodontitis - external inflam root resorption, holes -> bacterial access to pulp inside tooth -> infected + necrotic -> peri-apical lucency around tooth root = black halo
  • Periodontal disease
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13
Q

Pathology

A
  • Pulp necrosis - wide pulp cavity, thin-walled dentin - tooth no longer producing dentin
  • Open apex of pulp = immature tooth
  • X or tooth root canal
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14
Q

Pathology

A
  • Dental Fx
  • Crown Fx -> pulp exposure
  • Pulp exposure -> bacterial entry -> infection -> necrotic pulp -> stimulates peri-apical lucency associated w/ boen resorptioin
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15
Q

Pathology

A

Tooth resorption - common in cats

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16
Q

Pathology

A
  • Chronic gingivostomatitis/chronic ulcerative paradontal stomatitis
  • Cats - X all teeth, don’t want to leave anything behind
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17
Q

Pathology

A
  • Persistent deciduous teeth - tooth root intact, X
  • Usually spread through process of root absorption into bone, can be partly resorbed
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18
Q

Pathology

A
  • Malocclusion
  • E.g. Incisor teeth contacting palate + traumatising buccal mucosa -> X
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19
Q

Pathology

A
  • Supernumerary/malerupted/unerupted teeth
  • Make periosteal flap -> resect bone + X -> suture periosteal flap closed
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20
Q

Pathology

A
  • Dentigerous cysts - result of unerupted tooth not being extracted
  • Fluid builds up in jaw -> bone lysis -> loss of attachment of teeth -> v destructive lesions
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21
Q

Pathology

A
  • Caries - tooth decay
  • Less common - < 5% dogs, essentially non-existent in cats
  • Erosion of tooth surface as result of bacterial fermentation of sugars - acid erodes into tooth -> exposure of pulp
  • Pulp exposure -> infection -> necrosis -> inflam response around apex of tooth
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22
Q

Pathology

A
  • Teeth associated w/ pathologic lesions
  • E.g. Enamel dysplasia - browny tooth appearance (enamel = white)
  • Bone loss
  • Inflam response
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23
Q

Pathology

A
  • Trauma - RTA
  • E.g. Luxation of teeth in nasal cavity through alveolus
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24
Q

Importance of dental radiography in felines

A
  • Dx of tooth resorption - to decide most appropriate Tx options
  • Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) - to determine whether extractions have been carried out successfully
25
Q

Tooth resorption

A
  • AKA - ‘neck lesions’, (feline) odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL)
  • Abnormal destruction of dental hard tissues + its replacement w/ granulation tissue or bone
  • High prevalence in cats - 25 - 40% -> 80% for any cats getting dental work done
26
Q

Type 1 tooth resorption

A
  • Associated w/ inflammation, present at cemento-enamel junction, tooth root unaffected
  • Stimulates odontoclasts that eat into tooth surface cells -> loss of tooth structure
  • Gingivitis, periodontal disease, gingival stomatitis
  • Will need extracting from root
  • See periodontal ligament
27
Q

Type 2 tooth resorption

A
  • Replacement resorption, cellular activity on root surface (odontoclasts inappropriately activated)
  • Cells replaced w/ pink granulation tissue - changes tooth into bone
  • Nothing to extract - just remove the crown / weakened at base, gum will just peel off, exposing bone/pulp, crown amputation speeds process up, gets teeth through painful part
  • Fluffy appearance, cannot see periodontal ligament, nothing to extract
28
Q

Type 3 tooth resorption

A
  • Combination of type 1 & 2
  • Inflam at cemento-enamel junction + replacement resorption - cellular activity on root surface
29
Q

Cat - full mouth screening radiographs

A
30
Q

Pathology

A
31
Q

Pathology

A

Post-extraction - no root remnants (would be pot infection + pain)

32
Q

Pathology

A
33
Q

Pathology

A
34
Q

Dental radipgraphy - Dx image criteria + techniques

A
  • Accurate representation of size + shape of tooth w/o superimposition of adjacent structures
  • Intra-oral radiographic techniques required
  • Parallel technique = mandibular premolars + molars
  • Bisecting angle technique - all other teeth
35
Q

Parallel technique

A
  • Film on table + patient parallel
  • Beam perpendicular -> image develops on film
  • Intra-oral sensor placed inside mouth between tongue + mandible -> sensor parallel to mandible
36
Q

Bisecting angle technique

A
  • For maxilla (bone of palate) + rostral part of mouth (mandibular symphysis)
  • Beam directed 90 degrees to bisecting tooth angle (long axis of tooth from position of sensor)
37
Q

Bisecting angle technique - incisors

A
38
Q

Bisecting angle technique complications

A
  • Elongation
  • Shortening
39
Q

Bisecting angle technique complications - elongation

A
  • Creates artefacts
  • If x-ray beam is directed at 90 degrees to the long axis of the tooth, the image is elongated
  • Line of x-ray beam too shallow/obtuse
  • Fix by raising beam up
40
Q

Bisecting angle technique complications - shortening

A
  • If x-ray beam is directed 90 degrees to the film, the image is foreshortened
  • Too acute
  • Fix by raising the beam down
41
Q

Bisecting angle technique - mandibular canines (occlusal view)

A

Shows roof of mouth

42
Q

Bisecting angle technique - maxillary canines (lateral view)

A
43
Q

Bisecting angle technique - maxillary fourth premolar (carnassial - 108/208)

A
  • Three-rooted tooth - approx idea of average angle of roots
  • Use canine tooth for guide
44
Q

Feline, bisecting angle technique - maxillary incisors

A
45
Q

Feline, bisecting oblique angle - maxillary canine

A
46
Q

Feline, bisecting angle - maxillary PMs + M

A
47
Q

Feline, bisecting parallel angle - mandibular PMs + M

A
48
Q

Feline - bisecting angle - mandibular canines + incisors

A
49
Q

Feline, bisecting angle - mandibular canine teeth - lateral view

A
50
Q
A

Canine - parallel, mandibular first molar

51
Q
A

Canine - bisecting, mandibular canines (occlusal view)

52
Q
A

Canine - bisecting, maxillary canines (lateral view)

53
Q
A

Canine - bisecting, maxillary fourth PM

54
Q
A

Feline - bisecting, maxillary incisors

55
Q
A

Feline, bisecting, maxillary premolars + molar = cheek teeth view

56
Q
A

Feline, bisecting, mandibular PMs + molar

57
Q
A

Feline, bisecting, mandibular canines + incisors

58
Q
A

Feline, bisecting, mandibular canine teeth, lateral view (+ 3 PMs)

59
Q
A

Feline full-mouth screening

AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 (17 decks)

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