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AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 > DDx/CBL/Disease profiles > Flashcards

DDx/CBL/Disease profiles Flashcards

1
Q

Tachycardia + heart murmur

A
  • Cardiovascular system, heart failure
    (valvular disease, DCM, HCM, functional murmur congenital defect, arrhythmias)
  • Shock (not evident on exam)
  • Systemic disease: Sepsis; Toxins; Anaemia (no evidence on further diagnostics: RBC count); Hyperthyroidism
  • Physiological – Stress, fear, pain (but heart rate very high)
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2
Q

Goitre

A
  • Thyroid mass
  • Mass unrelated to thyroid
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3
Q

Unkempt/poor coat

A
  • Diet
  • Age-related change
  • Lack of grooming - Lethargy – systemic disease; Oral disease - disinclination to groom; Osteoarthritis resulting in animals inability to groom (no evidence on clinical exam and doesn’t explain PP/weight loss)
  • Endocrine disease: hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; DM
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4
Q

Weight loss

A
  • Liver disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Decreased nutrient intake
  • Change in diet; Anorexia; Oral disease; Dysphagia
  • Increased nutrient loss - Chronic blood loss (no evidence on diagnostics: RBC); Neoplasia; Parasites (receiving routine prophylaxis); PLE; PLN; Diabetes Mellitus; Regurgitation/vomiting; Maldigestion/Malabsorption
  • Increased nutrient use - Endocrine - hyperthyroidism; Neoplasia; Physiological, cold, exercise, lactation, pregnancy; Fever
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5
Q

Polyphagia

A
  • Endocrine - DM; Hyperadrenocorticism; Hyperthyroidism; Insulinoma (glucose normal)
  • Change in diet
  • Concurrent drugs - glucocorticoids, benzodiazepines, progestogens
  • Increased nutrient loss - EPI; Malabsorption
  • Increased nutrient use - Neoplasia
  • Physiological - Pregnancy; Lactation; Increased exercise; Cold environment
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6
Q

Aggression

A
  • Pain
  • Behavioural
  • Stress
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7
Q

Anorexia

A
  • Diet
  • Oral disease
  • Behavioural - stress
  • Swallowing disorders
  • Systemic disease
  • Fever
  • Pain
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8
Q

PUPD

A
  • Diet - Increased salt intake
  • Drugs/toxins
  • Renal disease - AKI; CKD; Pyelonephritis; Glomerulonephritis
  • Liver disease
  • Endocrine disease - Hyperadrenocorticism; Hypoadrenocorticism; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes insipidus; Hyperthyroidism; Insulinoma
  • Electrolyte disorder - Hypercalcaemia; Hypernatraemia; Hypokalaemia
  • Infectious disease - Toxaemia e.g. pyometra
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Dehydration – GIT disease
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9
Q

Loose stools

A
  • Diet
  • Drugs/toxins
  • Extra-gastrointestinal disease
  • Infection
  • Inflam/immune-mediated bowel disease
  • Motility disorder
  • Neoplasia
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10
Q

Weight gain/distension of abdo

A
  • Abdominal neoplasia
  • Abdominal fluid - free fluid
  • Increased body fat
  • Endocrine disease - Hyperadrenocorticism, Hypothyroidism, Hypogonadism
  • Overeating
  • Increased organ size - Hepatomegaly; Renomegaly; Splenomegaly; Uterine enlargement
  • Abdominal H+
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11
Q

Pale mucous membranes

A
  • Poor perfusion - shock
  • Cardiogenic shock - Primary cardiac disease: cardiomyopathy, valvular insufficiency, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, congenital heart disease; Secondary cardiac disease: pericardial tamponade, electrolyte derangement.
  • Obstructive shock: tension pneumothorax, caval syndrome, emboli
  • Hypovolaemic shock: Haemorrhage: trauma, ruptured neoplasia, GIT bleeding, bleeding disorders (primary hemostasis disorders, secondary haemostatic disease (coagulopathies)
  • Dehydration - fluid loss: GIT disease, renal disease, 3rd spacing (ascites, pleural effusion)
  • Distributive shock: Sepsis: acute abdomen- ruptured GIT; reproductive tract; urinary tract; Anaphylactic
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12
Q

Anaemia

A

Regenerative
- Haemorrhage e.g. following trauma
- Haemolysis e.g. mycloplasma haemofelis infection, Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV), immune-mediated, toxin ingestion,
neonatal isoerythrolysis (no evidence on blood smear)
- Consumption e. g. flea infestation

Non regenerative - primary diseases of bone marrow, FeLV, iron deficiency renal disease (EPO)

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13
Q

Tachycardia

A
  • Non-cardiogenic - fear; pain; shock; anaemia; sepsis; pericardial disease; toxins; hypoxia
  • Cardiogenic - HF - valvular disease, DCM, arrhythmias
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14
Q

Heart murmur

A
  • Anaemia
  • Heart disease - e.g. ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, tetralogy of fallot, mitral + tricuspid valve dysplasia
  • Innocent murmur - incidental
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15
Q

Hypothermia

A
  • Drugs
  • Cardiac disease
  • Hypothyroidism/hypoadrenocorticism
  • Sepsis
  • Environment
  • Hypothalamic disorder
  • Shock
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16
Q

Inappetence

A
  • Diet (no change)
  • Oral disease
  • Behavioural - stress
  • Swallowing, prehending, masticating disorders - dysphasia
  • Systemic disease
  • Fever
  • Pain
  • Infection
  • Secondary to other disease
  • Anosmia (no sense of smell)
  • Resp disease
  • CVS
  • Endocrine disease - ketoacidosis
  • Pancreatic disease
  • Renal disease
  • Hepatic disease
  • GIT disease
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17
Q

Vomiting

A
  • Dietary
  • Drugs/toxins
  • Endocrine disease
  • Metabolic/systemic disease
  • GIT disease
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18
Q

Jaundice/icterus

A
  • Pre-hepatic - Haemolytic anaemia; Internal haemorrhage; Severe myolysis
  • Hepatic - Drugs/toxins; Intrahepatic cholestasis; Infection; Inflammation (cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis); Amyloidosis; Cirrhosis; Hepatic lipidosis; Neoplasia
  • Post-hepatic - Bile duct obstruction; Pancreatitis or pancreatic neoplasia; Biliary duct neoplasia; Biliary rupture
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19
Q

Enlarged liver

A
  • Drugs
  • Endocrine disease
  • Inflam/infection
  • Amyloidosis
  • Cholestasis
  • Cirrhosis
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Storage disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Venous congestion
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20
Q

Muscle wasting

A
  • Disuse atrophy
  • Metabolic/endocrine/systemic disease
  • Myopathies - generalised usually
  • Neurogenic - marked
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21
Q

Collapse

A
  • CVS
  • Neurogenic
  • Respiratory
  • MSK
  • Metabolic - hypoglycaemia, hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism
22
Q

LHS systolic heart murmur

A
  • DCM
  • Mitral valve degeneration
  • Functional murmur
  • Undiagnosed congenital heart defect e.g. subaortic stenosis/pul stenosis/VSD
23
Q

Reduced exercise tolerance

A
  • Cardiovascular - Arrhythmias; CHF; Myocardial dysfunction; Obstruction to ventricular outflow
  • Haemopoietic - Anaemia
  • Metabolic/endocrine - Hypothyroidism, Hypoadrenocorticism, Hypoglycaemia, Hypokalaemic polymyopathy
  • Respiratory - Upper respiratory: Laryngeal paralysis; Lower respiratory – parenchymal disease, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Pneumonia, Pulmonary oedema; Pleural space
  • Pleural effusion
  • Neuromuscular - Myasthenia gravis; Polymyositis; Polyarthritis; Peripheral polyneuropathy; Myopathy (congenital, metabolic, toxic); Spinal cord disease chronic intervertebral disc disease; Lumbosacral pain
24
Q

Tachypnoea

A
  • Physiological - Exercise; Fear; High ambient temperature; Pain
  • Upper airway disease
  • Lung parenchymal disease
  • Restrictive disorders - Diaphragmatic hernia; Thoracic neoplasia; Pleural effusion; Pneumothorax
  • Systemic disorders - Anaemia; Metabolic acidosis – compensatory; Central neurological disease; Acute respiratory distress syndrome
25
Q

Panting

A
  • Physiological - fear, pain, exercise, ambient temperature
  • Pathological - upper respiratory; lower respiratory - bronchial disease; parenchymal disease: infection, trauma, toxins, oedema (CHF common cause)
26
Q

Cough

A
  • Infection
  • Inflammation e.g. asthma
  • Irritants
  • Pulmonary neoplasia
  • Pulmonary haemorrhage
  • Pulmonary oedema (CHF common cause)
  • Miscellaneous - pulmonary fibrosis inhaled foreign body (acute); laryngeal paralysis (often worse on exercise); left atrial enlargement
27
Q

Harsh lung sounds throughout lung fields

A
  • Pulmonary exudate
  • Pulmonary haemorrhage
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Bronchoconstriction
28
Q

Pulse deficits

A
  • Tachyarrhythmias - cardiac disease
29
Q

Perivulvar erythema and clear vulval discharge

A

Urogenital
- Urinary Incontinence/UTI
- Genital tract disease - likely licking causing erythema
- Entire bitch - uterine changes - mucometra

30
Q

Lame hind limb + worse w/ exercise

A
  • Fracture distal femur/patella/prox tibia/fibula
  • Tibial tuberosity avulsion
  • Cranial cruciate ligament rupture
  • Caudal cruciate ligament rupture
  • Long digital extensor tendon avulsion
  • Meniscal tear
  • Patellar ligament avulsion/tear
  • Patellar luxation
  • Degenerative joint disease
  • Inflammatory joint disease
  • Haemarthrosis
  • Neoplasia – synovial sarcoma
31
Q

Difficulty rising

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Pain
  • Joint instability
32
Q

Effusion + pain of stifle

A
  • Trauma
  • DJD
  • Neoplasia
  • Inflammatory joint disease - Infectious: Bacterial (septic), Lyme’s disease; non-infectious: immune-mediated polyarthropathy, SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus), Rheumatoid
33
Q

Ataxia

A
  • Peripheral nerve disease
    Abnormal mentation, CN affected, proprioceptive, intention tremor, hypermetria
  • Forebrain disease
  • Cerebellar disease
  • Brain stem disease
  • Spinal cord disease
  • Peripheral nerve disease
34
Q

Head tilt/nystagmus

A

Vestibular disease
- Central vs peripheral
- Peripheral - drugs/toxins; idiopathic vestibular disease; immune-mediated /infectious; otitis interna; neoplasia; metabolic
- Hypothyroidism

35
Q

Peripheral disease (neuro)

A
  • Alert mentation
  • Head tilt/ataxia e.g. circling towards side of lesion
  • Nystagmus - horizontal or rotational fast phase away from lesion
  • Positional strabismus (eye drop)
  • Normal conscious proprioception
  • Cranial n VII deficit - Horner’s syndrome (miosis, ptosis - eyelid drooping, enophthalmos, sinking eyes into socket)
36
Q

Central disease

A
  • Abnormal/depressed mentation
  • Head tilt to side of lesion but can be paradoxical
  • Nystagmus - horizontal, rotatory, vertical or positional
  • Proprioceptive deficits
  • Ipsilateral hemiparesis/quadriparesis
  • Hopping + placing deficits
37
Q

Neck pain - neurological

A
  • Steroid-responsive meningitis - arteritis
  • Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis
  • Intervertebral disc disease
  • Chiari like malformation/syringomyelia
  • Cervical spondylomyelopathy
  • Atlanto-axial instability
  • Vertebral fracture
  • Vertebral neoplasia
  • Discospondylitis
  • Facet joint pain (djd)
  • Intracranial lesion (stretched meninges)
  • Spinal cord haemorrhage
38
Q

Neck pain - non-neurological

A
  • Infection/inflammation in soft tissue
  • Otitis media
  • Soft tissue neoplasia
  • Temperomandibluar joint pain
  • Thoracic pain
  • Proximal humerus/scapula injury
39
Q

Tetraparesis R > L

A
  • Atlanto-axial instability
  • Cervical spondylomyelopathy
  • Discospondylitis
  • Fibrocartilaginous embolism
  • Fracture
  • Steroid responsive meningitis – arteritis
  • Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis
  • Intervertebral disc disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Subarachnoid cysts
  • Spinal cord haemorrhage
  • Chiari like malformation/syringomyelia
40
Q

Lesion located to C1 - C5

A
  • Neck pain
  • Horner’s syndrome
  • Proprioceptive deficits x 4
  • Normal or inc myotatic reflexes x 4
  • Tetraparesis/plegia
  • Inc limb tone x 4
  • Upper motor neurone bladder
41
Q

Lesion located to C6 - T2 (Brachial plexus, LMN signs forelimbs)

A
  • Absent cutaneous trunci (panniculus) reflex
  • Neck pain
  • Decreased thoracic limb tone/withdrawal reflex
  • Decreased thoracic limb myotatic reflexes
  • Proprioceptive deficits x 4
  • Tetraparesis/plegia forelimbs
  • Normal or increased hind limb myotatic reflexes
  • Increased hind limb muscle tone
  • Upper motor neuron bladder
42
Q

Lesion located to T3 - L3

A
  • Absent cutaneous trunci near level of lesion
  • Paraparesis/plegia
  • Back pain
  • Proprioceptive deficits in hind limbs
  • Normal or increased hind limb myotatic reflexes
  • Increased hind limb muscle tone
  • Upper motor neuron bladder
43
Q

Lesion located to L4 - S3 (lumbosacral plexus, LMN signs, hind limbs)

A
  • Decreased anal tone/reflex
  • Lower motor neuron bladder
  • Decreased hind limb myotatic reflexes
  • Decreased hind limb muscle tone/ withdrawal reflex
  • Lumbosacral pain
  • Paraparesis/plegia
  • Hind limb proprioceptive deficits
  • Limp tail
44
Q

Pruritus

A
  • Parasites - fleas, sarcoptes scabiei, cheyletiella, demodex, trombiculiasis
  • Allergy - Atopy, contact allergy, food allergy, flea allergy
  • Primary or secondary pyoderma
  • Fungal - dermatophytosis, malassezia (not seen on cytology)
  • Immune-mediated - drug reactions, systemic/discoid lupus erythematous,
    pemphigus
  • Neoplasia - mast cell tumour, neoplasia with secondary pyoderma
  • Solar dermatitis
  • Zinc deficiency
  • Behavioural
  • Immune-mediated - no vesicles, ulcerations
  • Drug eruption
45
Q

Papular, crusting rash

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Miliary dermatitis e.g. flea allergy
  • Primary superficial pyoderma
  • Secondary pyoderma to atopy, food allergy, contact allergy; parasites - fleas, demodex
  • Pemphigus foliaceous
  • Systemic lupus erythematous
  • Drug reactions
46
Q

Alopecia

A
  • Self-trauma 2y to pruritus
  • Demodecosis
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Bacterial folliculitis
  • Endocrine disease - hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism
  • Idiopathic cyclic flank alopecia
  • Telogen defluvium caused by stress – anaesthesia, pregnancy, shock
  • Alopecia x (breed predilection, non pruritic)
47
Q

Erythema/papules

A
  • Infection - pyoderma, demodicosis, dermatophytosis, Sarcoptes, trombiculosis
  • Allergy
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Early neoplasia
48
Q

Otitis externa

A
  • Allergy - atopy, food, contact
  • Parasites
  • Dermatophytes
  • Bacterial
  • Endocrine - hypothyroidism
  • FB
  • Glandular abnormalities
  • Autoimmune disease
49
Q

Lameness (cat)

A
  • Fracture
  • Cat bite abscess
  • Soft tissue injury e.g. from fall
  • Neoplasia
  • Joint infection
  • Damage claw/ foot injury
  • Migrating foreign body
  • Osteomyeltitis
  • Nutritional osteopathy
  • Neuropathy
50
Q

Pyrexia

A
  • Bacterial infection - localised or generalised/multifocal
  • Viral infection (much less likely cause than bacterial infection)
  • Protozoal infection
  • Stress
  • Heatstroke
  • Increased muscular activity- Seizures; Tetany; Exercise

AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 (17 decks)

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