Companion Animal Pathology Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Rapid in-house infectious disease tests (blood)
A
- SNAP 4Dx Plus (heartworm disease, Lymes disease, Anaplasmosis, and Ehrlichiosis)
- SNAP Lepto
- Angio detect
2
Q
Rapid in-house infectious disease tests (faeces)
A
- SNAP Parvo
- SNAP Giardia
3
Q
ELISA technology
A
- Detects Ab/antigen
4
Q
Canine leptospirosis
A
- Zoonotic
- In water + moist soil
- Reservoir host = small rodents + wildlife -> dogs become incidental host, infected by indirect water contamination w/ urine (on-going urinary shedding = renal carrier status)
- Pathogenic serovars = L. canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae; L. bratislava, grippotyphosa, australis
- Entry in mm or broken skin -> leptospiraemia/haematogenous spread -> kidneys, liver, eyes, other organs
- Pyrexia, AKI, bleeding tendencies, icterus (hepatitis)
5
Q
Canine leptospirosis (Dx)
A
- Blood results - thrombocytopoenia, azotaemia, inc liver enzymes (ALT/ALP) + hyperbilirubinaemia
- Urine results - isosthenuria, proteinuria, sometimes glucosuria (renal func failure)
- Hx - rat/rural/body of water contact; AKI +/- acute hepatomegaly +/- haemorrhagic diathesis
- Rapid in-house Ab test (vacc Hx) - false +ives
- MAT serology (microscopic agglutination test) - re-test 2 w later if false -ives
- PCR - blood + urine, before AB!! - false -ives
6
Q
Aspergillosis (dog)
A
- Localised fungal infection in nose + sinuses - Aspergillus fumigatus
- Cause of chronic nasal discharge (+/- epistaxis) after neoplasia + dental disease in older animals
7
Q
Aspergillosis (Dx) (dog)
A
- Culture nasal discharge, pos false +ive/-ive
- Serology - low sensitivity, false +ives rare
- CT - destructive rhinitis
- Rhinoscopy (plaques)
- Histo
8
Q
Canine parvovirus
A
- Clinical disease mainly puppies + subclinical pos
- Tropism for rapidly dividing cells in GI tract + BM -> severe enteritis + BM suppression (neutropoenia) -> 2y bacterial infections/sepsis
- V+ + D+ (watery = haemorrhagic)
9
Q
Canine parvovirus (Dx)
A
- CS - acute GI disease - enteritis + BM suppression (neutropoenia)
- Snap test any dog w/ haemorrhagic D+ - for subclinical infections
- Exposure Hx
- Vacc status
- Neutropoenia
- Faeces - in-house ELISA antigen (snap test), do PCR if get -ive result
10
Q
Canine adenovirus
A
- CAV-1 virus -> infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)
- Causes viraemia - tropism for endothelial cells, epithelial cells + hepatocytes -> systemic disease w/ coagulopathy (endo cells) + hepatopathy (liver dysfunc)
11
Q
Canine adenovirus (Dx)
A
- Non-specific CS - pyrexia, lethargy
- Bleeding disorder - DIC, signs of heptopathy/liver failure (V+, D+, neuro (hepatic encephalopathy))
- Urine - inc bilirubin
- Blood - inc ALT/ALP, abnormal coagulation parameters = liver failure
- PCR - on secretions/excretions - blood
12
Q
Canine distemper virus
A
- Paramyxoviridae, high mortality
- Airborne aerosols + other spread via excretions/secretions
- Can develop neuro signs, systemic signs depend on immune system
13
Q
Canine distemper virus (Dx)
A
- CS - neuro - seizures, ataxia, hypermetria, para/tetraparesis, neck pain; myoclonia (focal twitching of head/limbs generalised) = pathognomic
- CS - systemic - pyrexia, GI, pneumonia (resp), hyperkeratosis nasal planum/foot pads + pustular skin lesions (dermatological changes)
- Travel Hx
- Incomplete vacc Hx / serology
- PCR = main way
14
Q
Angiostrongylosis (dog)
A
- Angiostrongylus vasorum = metastrongylid nematode (lungworm)
- Adults live in pul vasculature + RHS of heart
- Dogs infected by L3 larvae after eating infected intermediate hosts (molluscs - snail/slug)
15
Q
Angiostrongylosis (Dx)
A
- CS = resp signs, R-sided heart failure (pul hypertension), bleeding tendencies (CNS), hypercalcaemia - PU/PD
- Faeces - modified Baermann flotation (poor sensitivity - intermittent shedding)
- Direct faecal smeal under microscope
- Cyto - tracheal wash/BAL of larvae
- ELISA - angio detect (blood antigen test)
16
Q
Brucellosis (dog)
A
- Brucella canis - G -ive bacteria
- Repro signs - zoonotic + emerging (reportable)
- Dog = natural reservoir
- Infected through urine, aborted material, vaginal/seminal secretions -> regional LNs -> bacteraemia (multiple months, chronic infection); other = intervertebral discs, eyes, kidneys
17
Q
Brucellosis (dog) (Dx)
A
- CS - repro signs + lymphadenopathy/immune-mediated/chronic bacterial infection, discospondylitis, osteomyelitis, polyarthritis, uveitis, glomerulonephritis
- Bloods - hyperglobulinaemia (+/- hypoalbuminaemia)
- Reactive lymphadenopathy
- (Rapid in-house tests)
- Serology (Ab) = combined test - SAT (serum agglutination test) + iELISA
- PCR + culture
- Ask about travel/import
18
Q
Toxoplasma (dog + cat)
A
- Toxoplasma gondii - intracellular coccidian parasite
- More common infection in cat, clinical disease uncommon in cats + dogs, would be due to systemic
- Cat = natural host, dog/human (zoonotic) = intermediate
- Felines = intestinal cycle -> excretion of oocytes in faeces
- All hosts = extra-intestinal cycle (tissue cysts)
- Cause of mainly neuro disease in cats
19
Q
Toxoplasma (Dx)
A
- CS (dog) - hepatic, pancreatic, pul, eyes, neuro signs
- PME: organism in affected location - PCR, cyto, histo
- (Serology - IgG (previous exposure) + IgM Ab (active disease))
20
Q
Giardia (dog)
A
- Giardia duodenalis - coccidian flagellate protozoan parasite
- Young animals, but GI signs in any age
- Many asymptomatic carriers + intermittent carriers
21
Q
Giardia (Dx) (dog)
A
- Small intestinal D+
- Several pooled faecal samples - microscopy, faecal flotation, ELISA antigen, PCR
22
Q
Toxocara (cat + dog)
A
- Roundworm, adult nematode in small intestines
- T. canis = dog
- T. leonina = cat + dog
- Common in puppies
23
Q
Toxocara (Dx) (cat + dog)
A
- CS in puppies - GI, failure to thrive, pot bellied
- Migrating juvenile nematodes -> hepatic, pul, ocular damage
- Faecal flotation test
24
Q
Campylobacter (cat + dog)
A
- G -ive, curved rods
- Zoonotic
- C. jejuni -> D+
25
Campylobacter (Dx)
- CS - acute haemorrhagic enterocolitis, GI signs
- Fresh faecal analysis - culture (selective medium)
- PCR
26
Salmonella (dog)
- G-ive, bacillus of enterobacteriaceae family
- Zoonotic
- Intestinal bacteria but can lead to systemic disease (sepsis)
- Reportable disease in dogs
27
Salmonella (Dx)
- CS - acute haemorrhagic enterocolitis, GI signs, more signs of sepsis
- Fresh faecal analysis - enriched = bacterial culture
- PCR
28
Protozoa (cat)
- Tritrichomonas
- Giardia
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Babesia (outside UK)
- Leishmania (outside UK)
29
Fungal (cat)
- Dermatophytosis - most common in UK (ringworm)
Others more prevalent in other countries
- Aspergillus
- Cryptococcus
- E. cuniculi
30
Bacteria (cat)
- Chlamydia felis
- E. coli
- Pasteurella multocida
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Campylobacter, Clostridia, Salmonella
- Staphs/strep
- Mycobacteria
- Bartonella spp.
- Haemotrophic mycoplasma
- Respiratory mycoplasmas
31
Viruses (cat)
- FHV
- FCH
- Corona virus
- FIV
- FeLV
- Panleukopenia
- Rabies (outside UK)
32
Helminths (cat)
- Lungworm
- Dirofilaria (outside UK)
33
Cat flu
- Primary agents = FHV (more serious disease); FCV = more common
- Chlamydia felis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Mycoplasma spp
- 2y bacterial infections
- More common in kittens
- Multicat homes
- CS - acute URT disease, cattery stay, mucosal discharge, facial lesions e.g. blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, photophobism, mouth-breathing, drool (oral-ulceration)
- Contact w/ clinical case/asymptomatic carrier common (fomites uncommon)
34
FHV
- DNA virus
- Single serotype + little isolate variation
- Highly infectious when shedding
- Labile in environment (18 h)
- Transmission - oronasal route
- Inactivated by bleach
- Carrier common - all infected cats, hides in trigeminal n., intermittent shedding
35
FHV (Dx)
- Chronic clinical signs - skin, resp, chronic nasal + ocular disease (dependent on immune system)
- PCR (doesn't prove if cause/cross reaction w/ vaccinal strains)
- POCUS
36
FCV (Feline Calici Virus)
- RNA virus
- Single serotype + variation between isolates, mutates more
- Fairly labile = 7 - 10 d
- Inactivated by bleach
- Persistent shedding
- Role in acute + chronic disease - resp, oral lesions, *chronic gingivostomatitis*, limping syndromes, fatal systemic disease
37
FCV (Dx)
- CS
- PCR (negative doesn't exclude)
38
FHV - chronic disease
- Corneal diseases
- Herpes dermatitis
- Chronic rhinosinusitis
- Polyps
- Laryngeal disease
- Nasopharyngeal stenosis
39
Feline panleukopoenia
- Infectious in environment for months
- Can titre test (for vacc - provides lasting immunity, years)
40
Feline panleukopoenia (Dx)
- Titre test
- POCUS
41
Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
- Ubiquitous, 2 serotypes
- Highly contagious
- RNA virus
- High mutation rate - within individual cat
- Can cause FIP, but doesn't in majority of cats
- Systemic spread within macrophages
- Mainly intestinal epithelial replication
42
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
- Develops when FCoV mutates in individual cat -> able to leave gut + replicate within macrophages
- Systemic spread within macrophages within blood vessel walls and sustainable replication -> vasculitis/serositis + effusions
- Perivascular granulomas - liver, kidneys, brain, eyes
- Risks - stress, genetics, cat origin, young cat (< 6 m, 2nd peak = 10 y)
43
FECV
- Mainly intestinal epithelial replication
44
FIP (Dx)
- CS (varied, systemic disease) - neuro, ocular, jaundice, effusion - yellow, ascites, swollen LNs, keratic precipitates
- Bloods (in order of percentage of cases) - A:G < 0.4, hyperglobulinaemia, anaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, neutrophilia, lymphopoenia
- Bloods can normal in some neuro cases
- POCUS
45
FCoV (Dx)
- Serology - only indicates exposure (does not = FIP), can stay +ive for many months
- Interpret w/ CS, other results + home environment
- Take fluid sample
- POCUS
46
Clostridiosis
- C. perfringens enterotoxin A gene PCR
- Small + large bowel D+
47
Clostridiosis (Dx) (Cat)
- Faecal PCR
- ELISA - toxin detection
48
Salmonella (cat)
- S. typhimurium
- Healthy cats prevalence similar w/ D+
- Young, old, immunocompromised more of concern
- Raw feeding
- Severe in cats, 10% mortality
49
Cryptosporidium (Cat)
- Highly contagious
- Young cats + cats kept in groups
- Tx only if no other cause for D+
- Oocyst -ive, PCR +ive
50
Tuberculous mycobacterium / mycobacteria (Cat)
- M. microti or M. bovis
- Local LNs affected, bony invasion locally causing firm masses
- DDx = Cow pox (virus)
51
Tuberculous mycobacterium / mycobacteria (Cat) (Dx)
- CS - nodules, draining sinuses, non-healing wounds, face, tail, limbs
- Systemic signs - resp, GI, neuro, ocular
52
Feline leprosy syndrome
- M. lepraemurium - cannot be cultured using standard techniques (candidatus mycobacterium tawinense/lepraefelis - multiple species involved)
53
Non-tuberculous mycobacterium - slow growing (cat)
- M. genavense, M. simiae, M. terrae, M. malmoense
- Skin + subcutis
- Regional lymphadenopathy
54
Non-tuberculous mycobacterium - intracellular complex (cat)
- Mycobacterium avium
- Progresses to systemic disease
55
Non-tuberculous mycobacterium - rapidly growing (cat)
- M. fortuitum, M. smegmatis, M. chelonae-abscessus
- Opportunistic infections
- Lipid-rich areas
- Wound breakdowns
56
Giardia protozoa (cat)
- Asymptomatic cats
- Zoonotic potential - more likely to get from humans
- Intermittent shedding - 3 d in faeces
- Reinfection common
- Elimination challenging
57
Tritrichomonas fetus (blagburni) protozoa (cat)
- Young cats
- Multicat households
- Large bowel D+ - faecal incontinence
- Pedigree cats
58
Tritrichomonas fetus (blagburni) protozoa (cat) (Dx)
- Fresh rectal smear
- Culture
- PCR most accurate
59
Dystocia - maternal causes
- Uterine inertia: 1y (complete, partial, 2y) = failure to establish a func, progressive level of myometrial contractibility -> failure of expulsion (endocrinopathy, lack of foetuses to kick start labour); 2y = cessation of parturition after initiated -> failure to deliver remaining foetuses (metabolic, anatomical (obstructive) + genetic
- Small/narrow pelvic diameters - strictures, pelvic trauma, particular breeds
- Abnormalities of repro tract, masses
- Uterine torsion, rupture or malposition
- Compromised general health, hypoglycaemic, hypocalcamia
60
Dystocia - foetal causes
- Mismatch of foetal/maternal size
- Oversized foetus, single puppy, anasarca
- Malpresentation/posture
- Foetal death
61
Dystocia - when to worry
- Low HR in-utero
- Copious vaginal discharge (green)/bleeding, in shock
- Foetus stuck in birth canal, foetal/maternal mismatch, malposition, pelvic canal abnormality
- Breed of known anatomical issues
62
Hypocalcaemia (peri-parturient)
- AKA eclampsia, puerperal tetany
- Tx imediately - risk of seizing + death
- Small breed dogs, rare in cats
- Late preg or 2 - 3 w post-partum
63
Hypocalcaemia (peri-parturient) (Dx)
- CS - restlessness, panting, stiff gait, hypersalivation, muscle fasciculations, hyperthermia, facial pruritus
- Total calcium < 1.6 mmol/L ionised calcium < 0.8 mmol/L
64
Hypoglycaemia (peri-parturient)
- CS = similar to hypocalcaemia
- Small breed dogs
- During preg or parturition
65
Hyperglycaemia (peri-parturient)
- CS - PU/PD, weight loss w/ polyphagia, lethargy
- No further breeding
66
Metritis
- Ascending bacterial infection of uterus in immediate post-partum period
- Risk factors - dystocia, obstetrical manipulation, retained foetus/placental mems, abortion
67
Metritis (Dx)
- Hx - anorexia, poor lactation, poor mothering, depressed, straining
- CS - dehydration, purulent vag discharge, pyrexia, pos large uterus on palp
- Dx - US - thickened + hyperechoic, radio, vag swab (C&S)
68
Haemorrhage (peri-parturient)
- Tearing - uterine/vaginal
- Vessel rupture
- Underlying coagulation defect
69
Mastitis (peri-parturient)
- Bacteria ascending through teat orifice during suckling - E. coli, Staph spp., Strep spp.
70
Mastitis (peri-parturient) (Dx)
- CS - hot, painful, enlarged + discoloured mammary glands -> inc viscosity of milk, milk colour changes +/- blood, purulent discharge, pyrexia
- Hx - anorexia + depression, lack of feeding/pain
- Milk cyto + C&S
71
Neonate congenital abnormalities
- Cleft palate, cleft lip
- Hydrocephalus
- Cranial cleft
- Absence/abnormalities of limbs
- Umbilical + other hernias
- Gastroschisis
- Limb + tail abnormalities
72
'Invisibile' neonate abnormalities
- Hydrocephalus
- Cerebellar hypoplasia
- Chiari-like malformations
- Syringomyelia
- Cardiac abnormalities
- Portosystemic shunts
- Urogenital abnormalities
73
Fading puppy/kitten syndrome
- Born healthy, starts to fade + die within 2 w
- Prolonged crying, restlessness, weakness, not suckling, hypothermia, shock, cyanosis, petechial H+, sloughing of distal extremities
- Causes - husbandry + mothering, congenital defects, infectious diseases, parasites (worms)
74
Ophalitis
- Umbilical cord infection/abscessation
75
Opthalmia neonatorum
- Purulent conjunctivitis
- Pus behind closed eyelids
76
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (cat)
- Type B queen mated w/ type A tom -> kittens type A or AB (A = dominant gene)
- Kittens ingest (colostrum crosses GI barrier) anti-A Ab in milk from queen (B) -> start destroying own blood cells
- Cats: siamese, British SH, Devon Rex, Persian, Abyssinian, Turkish Angora, Turkish Van
- Sudden death w/ anaemia, icterus + haemoglobinuria
- Hand rear any kitten w/ B type mother, A type blood - blood type kittens at birth
77
Neonatal septicaemia
- Puppies w/ immature immune systems during first 2 w
- Exposed to chilling
- Colostrum deprivation
- Omphalitis
- Infection from dam/environment
78
Kennel cough (dog)
- Canine parainfluenza virus (Pi) and or Bordetella bronchiseptica antigen in vacc - at least 9 distinct pathogens, husbandry + environment + stress factors
- Multifactorial disease
79
Hypoglycaemia
- Sepsis (SIRS + MODS)
- Puppies + kittens
- Certain toxins e.g. Xylitol
- Paraneoplastic hypoglycaemia
- Insulinoma
- Insulin overdose
- Working dogs
80
Hyperglycaemia
- Stress (don't give insulin)
- Diabetes mellitus
- Over supplementation - from bolus
- Cranial trauma (don't give insulin)
- Severe pancreatitis
81
When not to induce emesis
- No toxin ingested
- > 60 min ingested
- Seizures/unconscious
- Caustic substances - petroleum
- Activated charcoal dangerous in hypernatraemia (paint balls)
82
Drooling/foaming at mouth
- Corrosives - acids/alkalis, plants, toads
- Cats
- Nausea - poison causing GI signs
83
Toxicity - respiratory distress, cyanosis
- Metaldehyde, ethylene glycol, onion/garlic, paracetamol, marijuana, chocolate, mycotoxins, anticoagulant
rodenticides, organophosphates/carbamates, snake venom – mamba/cobra, human and animal medicines, opioids
- Anything that causes tremors, muscle spasms and seizures or anaemia can lead to respiratory compromise
84
Toxicity - tachycardia/bradycardia
- Chocolate, ethylene glycol, marijuana, paracetamol, organophosphates/carbamates, human and animal medications
85
Toxicity - excitable behaviour
- Chocolate
- Caffeine
- Medications
86
Toxicity - depressed behaviour
- Marijuana
- Alcohol
- Ethylene glycol
- Sedative + antidepressants
- BP medication
87
Toxicity - renal failure
- Ethylene glycol
- Lillies
- Grapes + raisins
88
Toxicity - swelling
- Snake bites
- Insects
- Paracetamol (cat)
- Philodendron
89
Acetaminophen - paracetamol poisoning (cats)
- Lack enzyme to metabolise
- Onset 2 h
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Heinz bodies
- Methaemoglobinaemia - brown blood + MM
- Facial oedema
- Acute hepatic failure
- Better Px if presented within 14 h
90
Acetaminophen - paracetamol poisoning (dog)
- Won't be poisoned at normal dose
- Hepatic failure - when overdosed
- Anorexia, V+, abdo pain, resp distress, icterus
- Better Px if presented within 72 h
91
Mycotoxicosis
- CS - V+, ataxia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, tachypnoea, nystagmus, mydriasis
- Aflatoxicosis -> liver failure (icteric)
92
Onion/garlic toxicity
- Erythrocyte damage w/ Heinz body anaemia
- Within 24 h to d
- CS - V+, abdo pain, Heinz body anaemia
93
Lead toxicity
- E.g. Old paint ingested - need to ingest a lot, uncommon
- GIT + CNS signs
- Anorexia, V+, D+, salivating, anaemia, PUPD, blindness, nystagmus
94
Organophosphate + carbamate toxicity
- Pesticides - agriculture + household, malicious poisoning
- OP + carbamate bind to AChE -> continues nerve stimulation
- Muscarinc = salivation, V+, D+, lacrimation, dyspnoea, bradycardia, miosis
- Nicotinic = muscle tremors + weakness
- CNS = depression, sezirue
95
Pyrethroid toxicity
- Insecticides - flea control spot-ons, dog products on cats/overdose on cats
- Rapidly absorbed in GIT
- CNS + PNS effects = hypersalivation, mild tremors, hyperexcitability or depression, V+, D+
- Interferes w/ Na channels allowing earlier depolarisation
96
Metaldehyde (slug killer) toxicity
- Rapid onset signs
- Muscle spasms, hyperaesthesia, hyperthermia, resp distress, cyanosis
97
Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
- Accidental exposure
- Signs within 3 - 5 d (consumption of clotting factors)
- Inhibits enzyme Vitamin K1 reductase - needed for vit K1-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, X), -> bleeding
- PT, PTT, PIVKAs + D-dimers inc
- Dx - POCUS, Radio - fluid in abdo -> sample = blood; DDx = Haemangiosarcoma
- Lethargy, weakness, body cavity H+ w/ resp distress, skin H+, hematomas, joint swelling/lameness, pale mms, visible bleeding, hypovolaemic shock, sudden death
98
Alphachloralose toxicity
- Rodenticide that affects CNS
- Mixed CNS CS - excitation, depression, tremors, hyperaesthesia, seizures
- Other CS - hypothermia (cats), salivation, miosis, ataxia, coma (dogs)
- CS 1 - 3 d
99
Ethylene glycol toxicity
- Radiator antifreeze
- Sweet taste
- Toxic metabolite = glycolaldehyde
- 5 mL to kill cat
- 20 mL to kill dog
- Stage 1 (30 min - 12 h) - CS due to metabolites - drowsy, stumbling, stupor, V+, drunken state
- Stage 2 (12 - 24 h) - metabolic acidosis -> tachycardia + tachypnoea
- Stage 3 (24 - 72 h) - acute renal failure due to calcium oxalate, precipitates in microvasculature + renal tubules -> weakness, depression, PUPD or anuria, oxaluria
100
Grapes + raisins toxicity
- V+, D+. anorexia, ataxia, weakness, acute renal failure (ARF)
- Px good if no ARF
101
Lily toxicity
- Renal tubular necrosis
- V+, PUPD, anorexia, pancreatitis, renal failure
- Good Px
102
Blue green algae toxicity
- Bacteria in water soruce - cyanobacteria
- Fresh/salt water - inc in summer
- Affects GIT, liver, CNS within minutes to d
- V+ (blood), salivating, D+, twitching, seizures, resp distress, collapse, sudden death
103
Chocolate toxicity
- Dark worse
- Theobromine alkaloid
- CNS stimulation, inc muscle contractibility of heart + skeletal
- CS - V+, abdo pain, PUPD, ataxia, tachycardia (bradycardia), hypertension, irritability/excitability
- PX good
104
Xylitol toxicity
- Inc insulin release -> severe hypoglycaemia, liver damage, seizures
- In gum, sweeteners, sweets, baked goods, toothpaste, peanut butter
- Within 30 - 60 min
- Lethargy, ataxia, tremors, seizures, V+, coma
105
Battery toxicity
- Mercury, lithium, alkaline manganese, silver, zinc (many pass through w/o problems) - leaking
106
Marijuana toxicity
- Ataxia, CNS dullness, tremors
- V+, bradycardia, mydriasis, hypothermia, urinary incontinence
- Good Px
107
Disease outbreak management (herd health)
- Increase biosecurity protocols - PPR, sanitation + disinfectant protocols, prohibit visitors, order those vulnerable/high risk + require care
- Control animal moverment
- Infected/affected + in-contact - isolate + barrier nurse depending on illness, euth,
- Clean - isolated + divided depending on immunity, vacc, remove from shelter
108
Benefits of passive range of motion (PROM) physiotherapy
- Reduces risk of contractures
- Maintenance of muscle elasticity
- Inc synovial fluid production (articular cartilage nutrition)
- Maintaining joint range of motion
109
Muscle stimulation contradindications (physio)
- Impaired sensation
- Infection - risk of spreading through muscle circulation
- Malignancy
- Thrombotic detachment
- Joint damage
110
Laser contraindications (physio)
Don't laser over:
- Malignancy
- Eyes
- Pregnancy
- Thyroid
- Epilepsy
111
Core stability
- Postural stabilising muscles, hold body upright
- Smaller muscles over joints
- Large no. proprioceptive fibres
- Allows balance + optimise nerve reactions
- Lumbar spine - abdominals (transverse abdominus + multifidus), provide support + control movement in highly mobile area
- Ideal to have good core strength in lumbar region (where a lot of movement from)
- Poor core -> hypermobile -> injury -> poor quality of movement on all four limbs
112
Proprioception
- Altered following trauma/Sx/disease
- To re-learn motor skill - re-trained for improved func
- Targeted exercises
113
Hydrotherapy
- Function
- Mobility + joint range
- Pain + muscle tone
- Muscle strength
114
Hydrotherapy contraindications
- Pul problems
- Infection
- Epilepsy - need to be on meds
- Unstable Fx
- Incontinence
115
Hip dysplasia (conservative management) - assessment
- Gait - shortened stride, stopping ++, slow transfers
- Muscle atrophy - middle gluteals + pectineus
- Palpation - pain response of muscles
- ROM - reduced extension of hip, held more in flexion
- ST flexibility - tight iliopsoas (around shoulders + lower cervical region)
- Strength - poor 3 leg stand, poor endurance, if bilateral -> cranial shifting onto forelimbs
116
Degenerative myelopathy assessment
- Dragging HLs
- Difficulty w/ functional transitions
- Ataxia
- Reduced conscious proprioception
117
Medial patella luxation assessment
- Reluctance to jump
- Hip hitching type gait
- Intermittent skipping during transitions
- Muscle atrophy of quads + hamstrings
- Tightness of gracilis + hamstrings
- Poor posture - inc flexion of lumbosacral + coxofemoral joints
118
Femoral head + neck excision (FHNE)
- Weakness of gluteals, hamstrings + quads
- Reduced ROM + pain - hip extension
- Tightness of iliopsoas
- Altered gait - partial weight bearing, poor stance posture
