Companion Animal Treatments and Procedures I Flashcards
Canine vaccination
Core: 1st 8 w; 2nd 3 w later -> yearly (3rd > 16 w age; 4th 26 w/52 w -> q 3 y)
- D - Canine distemper virus (CDV)
- H - Canine adenovirus (CAV) (hepatitis)
- P - Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV)
- (Rabies in endemic countries)
Non-core:
- Pi - Canine parainfluenza virus
- Bb - Bordetella bronchiseptica
- L - Leptospirosis (multiple serovars) (yearly), core in UK
- Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease); Canine herpes virus; Leishmaniasis; Rabies (UK)
Not-recommended:
- Canine enteric coronavirus
Feline vaccination
Core: kitten - 1st 8 w; 2nd 12 w -> annually (three yearly vacc protocols)
- ‘Cat flu’, q 1 y: Feline calicivirus (C); Feline herpesvirus type 1 (rhinotracheitis) (R)
- Feline parvovirus, enteritis (P)
- Rabies (endemic)
Non-core:
- Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), q 3 y
- Chlamydia (Chlamydia felis)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) (KC)
- Rabies (UK)
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (not available in UK)
Not recommended:
- Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (not available in UK)
Leptospirosis - prevention (canine)
- Annual vaccs w/ tetravalent vaccine
Kennel cough (canine parainfluenza virus (Pis)/Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) antigen (canine)
- Intranasal injection = live vacc (shedding up to 35 d, avoid AB use 14 d post-vacc)
- Subcut (only Bb), need adjuvant for Pi
Leishmaniasis (canine)
- CaniLeish vacc (Virbac)
- Reduces risk of infection by promoting cell mediated immunity
- Give to healthy seronegative dogs when at high risk
Borrelia (Lyme disease) (canine)
- Vacc controversy
- Acaricide - takes 24 h for attachment of tick to transfer Borrelia
Canine herpes (canine)
- Eurican Herpes 205 (Boeringer)
- Pregnant bitches -> passive protection for puppies in first few days of life - Ab
- 1st = 7 - 10 d after mating date
- 2nd 1 - 2 w before expected whelping
Endoparasites
Nematodes + Cestodes
- Macrocyclic lactones - Milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, selamectin (Stronghold)
- Benzimidazoles - Fenbendazole (Panacur), febantel
Consider:
- Roundworms: Tx puppies 2, 5, 8 w, then q month until 6 m/o; pregnant bitches (fenbendazole (Panacur) SID from day 40 until 2 w post-partum / ML on d 40 + 55; sharing homes w/ young children/immunosuppressed (monthly); show/sport/kennels (1 m before, 2 - 4 w after event)
- Tapeworms: travel; raw-fed dogs (q 6 w); flea infestation - flea swallowed w/ containing tapeworm larvaew/ Praziquantel
Dipylidium sp tapeworm endoparasite (canine)
- Praziquantel - not controlled
Ectoparasites
1). Ectoparasiticides
- Macrocyclic lactones (milbemycin, moxidectin)
- Phenylpyrazoles (fipronil)
- Imidacloprid / nitenpyram
- Pyrethroids (permethrin)
- Amitraz
- Isoxazolines (Advocate, Advantgae, Bravecto) - treats most things but tapeworms + ticks
2). Acaricides (mites and ticks)
3). Insecticides (insects)
4). Growth regulators - e.g. Permethrin
5). Methoprene (juvenile hormone analogue)
6). Lufenuron (insect development inhibitor)
Postponement of estrus/heat
- Progestogens (P4 analogues -> dec in GnRH, FSH, LH, E2): Megestrol acetate (Ovarid); Proligestone (Delvosteron)
- Androgens (-ive feedback on HPG axis, tissues less responsive to E2): Milbolerone; Nandrolone (given for CRF in cats); Testosterone (not in UK)
- GnRH agonists (dec FSH + LH production), desensitises GnRH production - Deslorelin acetate
- Surgical - OVH, ovariectomy, tube ligation
- Intrauterine - intrauterine devices
Misalliance/pregnancy termination
1). Drugs acting on uterus: Aglepristone (Alizin) - anti-progestogen, synthetic steroid
- Early preg (0 - 22 d) - vag cyto in dioestrus
- 2). Drugs acting on ovaries: Prostaglandin (Dinoprost) (PGF2/PGF2a) - lyse CL (but in dog, CL resistant to effects), cause uterine contractions
- Mid preg (22 - 40 d) - if +ive preg Dx, w/ Aglepristone
- 3). Drugs acting on pit gland: Cabergoline (Galastop) - dopamine agonist, inhibits prolactin production -> luteolysis
- Late preg (> 40 d) / still +ive / all three or OVH
Pseudopregnancy (canine)
- Conservative - inc exercise, disrupt nesting, distract from toys
- Cabergoline (Galastop) - dopamine agonist (dec prolactin production)
- Likely recurrent -> OVH (3 - 4 m after season/post whelping)
- Avoid spay at time of elevated/rising prolactin as may result in prolonged pseudopreg - wait 8 - 10 w
Induction of parturition
- Un-licensed drugs, used for abortion/pyo Tx
- Risk of maternal morbidity, dystocia, should not be induced before d 60
- Aglepristone, oxytocin
- Aglepristone, PGF2a
- Nitroglycerine (softens cervix), oxytocin
Control of male breeding cycle
- Surgical - castration, vasectomy
Chemical:
- GnRH agonists - Deslorelin (Suprelorin) - slow release, long-acting implant; causes initial 14 d testosterone surge, then levels dec, infertility after 6 - 8 w implantation, lasts up to 6 - 12 m, longer in lighter dogs
- Progestogens - Delmadinone acetate (Tardak) - for hypersexuality, prostatic hyperplasia
- Androgens - Testosterone (Durateston) - dec spermatozoa + spermatozoal motility, SE: prostatic hypertrophy; not licensed for use for control of breeding in males
- Prolactin - dec fertility - reduced motility, no. + altered structure of spermatozoa (serum conc of testosterone, FSH and LH do not alter), possibly a direct effect on testes rather than HPG axis, not licensed
- Immunisterilisation - w/ Improvac, targets GnRH, LH + sperm antifens (AB production unpredictable, GnRH/LH not immunogenic)
Other:
- Injection: intratesticular, intra-epididymal, intra-vas deferens injections; adjuvant agent (BCG); reproductive toxins (dexamethasone); Zinc gluconate; Occlusive silicone (vas deferens) (varying degrees of reduction/duration of infertility)
- US - high intensity focused US beam, short bursts (10 - 15 min 1 - 3 times from 2 - 7 d), suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone levels
Induction of infertility (ferrets)
- Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
Ovarian cysts (guinea pig)
- Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
Oestrogen-induced mammary carcinoma (rat)
- Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
Egg-laying disorders (egg binding) (birds)
- Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
Obstructive dystocia
- 1). Manual intervention - large dogs - retropulsion/realignment (transabdominal palp)+ traction techniques to push foetus back into uterus then reposition + pull head out in between straining
- Traction - a lot of lube + grip head only (only use forceps if deceased)
- No success -> Sx
Non-obstructive dystocia - medical management
- Only if no obstruction; dam is physically healthy; no signs of foetal distress
- Oxytocin (0.2 - 0.4 IU/animal SC/IM) - repeat 20 - 3- min x 3
- 10% calcium gluconate 0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg slow IV 1 mL/min w/ ECG + HR monitoring, dilute in saline, strengthen uterine contractions
- 2 mL of 50% dextrose by slow IV infusion (for hypoglycaemia)
(Less successful in the queen)
Caesarian section
- If non-responsive medical management
- Foetal distress evident despite inc in uterine contractibility
- Unsuccessful attempt at relieving obstruction
Hypocalcaemia (peri-parturient disease) - eclampsia, puerperal tetany
- Treat immediately - risk of seizing + death
- Calcium gluconate 10% slow (0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg) (cats = 0.5 - 1.0 mL per cat IV)
- Cooling if hyperthermic
- Give O2
- Continue calcium supplementation w/ dilute calcium gluconate SC or oral calcium + vit D supplementation
- Consider weaning pups if possible
Hypoglycaemia (peri-parturient disease)
- 50% dextrose slow IV (0.5 - 1g/kg, 1 - 2 mL/kg), dilute in saline 1:4
- Supplement feeding until parturition
Hyperglycaemia (peri-parturient disease) - gestational diabetes
- Difficult to manage - consider termination of pregnancy
- No further breeding
Metritis (peri-parturient disease)
- Stabilise dam -> IVFT, IV broad spectrum AB (consider choice if nursing)
- Evacuate uterine contents -> uterine lavage, oxytocin, PGF2a
- Consider OVH in severe cases
Haemorrhage (peri-parturient disease)
- Repair defect - e.g. tearing (uterine/vaginal), vessel rupture, underlying coagulation defect
- Vaginal packing
- Oxytocin
- Blood transfusion
- Exploratory laparotomy
Small uterine prolapse w/ minimal uterine damage
- Clean w/ saline
- Lubricate + gently replace under sedation/GA
- Hypertonic fluids
- Oxytocin
Severe uterine prolapse/damage
- Restore blood vol (due to haemorrhage + shock) -> IVFT/blood transfusion
- Exploratory laparotomy +/- OVH
Mastitis (peri-parturient disease)
- Systemic AB - Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
- Warm compress/massage/stripping + pain med
- Sx debridement if abscessation
- Sepsis Tx
- Management of neonates
Neonatal resuscitation ABCD
- 1). Airway - clear airway - gauze/cotton swab/suction pipette (or syringe attached to IV cannula)
- 2). Breathing - stimulate by vigorous rubbing, gentle chest compression, doxapram (NSAID, not used anymore)
- Supply O2 - flow by mask/intubation
- Induction apnoea acupuncture point between midline of philtrum + twist
- 3). Circulation - cardiac massage (CPR), fluid therapy
- 4). Dry and warm - dry + provide heat source, blankets
Fading puppy or kitten syndrome
- Treat underlying cause/problem - rule out congenital defects, nutritional deficiencies, traumatic injury, maternal neglect, infectious diseases, septicaemia
- Supportive care ASAP
- May require fluids, glucose, nutrition, warming, AB, vit K1 in haemorrhage w/ prolonged PT (prothrombin/clotting time)
Antimicrobial therapy - neonates
- AB therapy (IV preferred) - amoxicillin (10 - 20 mg/kg BID); amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (12 - 25 mg/kg BID); Cephalexin (10 - 30 mg/kg BID)
(Don’t give aminoglycosides - gentamycin, amikacin - renal damage; chloramphenicol -> BM suppression; quinolones - enrofloxacin -> cartilage damage esp in large dog breeds)
Omphalitis
- Drain abscess
- AB
- Nursing
- Feeding
- Fluids
Ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis)
- Open eyes carefully + flush
- AB ointment
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
- CATS (not seen in dogs unless bitch had blood transfusion before)
- Proper breeding program of pure-breeds - blood type kittens at birth + hand-rear A + AB kittens (if mother B type - have anti-A Ab in milk) then return to mother after GI barrier (colostrum closed up after 24 h)
- Use foster cat mother
Neonatal septicaemia
- Culture peritoneal fluid
- Treat litter mates early - cephalosporins sometimes combined w/ enrofloxacin (weigh up pros + cons of quinolone usage)
Neonatal hypothermia
- Rewarm slowly over 1 - 2 h to avoid inc metabolic demand/avoid shock
- Focal source of heat - hot water bottle, rice bags, no direct contact able to move away (no heat lamp/mat)
- Bair hugger
- Turn regularly
- 29 - 31 C w 1
- 26 - 28 C w 2
- 23 - 25 C > w 3
Neonatal hypoxia
- Pulse oximeter reading = ~90%, give 50% O2 maximum
Neonatal dehydration
- Fluids - PO/SC/IP/intra-osseus (femur/humerus)/IV
- Maintenance = 80 - 100 mL/kg/day
Neonatal hypoglycaemia
- Feed
- 0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg 50 % dextrose diluted 1:1 orally or IV - CRI to maintain euglycaemia
Neonatal nutrition
- Key parameters: colostrum first 3 d; 20 - 25 kcal/100 g /day; commercial milk formulae; stomach capacity = 4 mL/kg (don’t give more at any given meal)
- Bottle, syringe, stomach tube
- 4 meals per day at least, sick pups every 3 - 4 hours
- Warm to body temp
- Work hygienically
- Feed slowly
- Burp + elimination after feed
- Skip meal if D+
- Older pups- nasoesophageal/nasogastric tube
Haemorrhage - petechiae, in neonate
- Injection of vit K
Stress management key principles
- 1). Nutritional - Specific diets to manage physical condition - Diets with formulas that increase key neurotransmitters
- 2). Nutraceutical - target affected neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine etc, want inc) e.g. L-tryptophan, L-theanine
- 3). Medication - target affected neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine, GABA etc); onset of action can be 3-5 weeks; nutraceuticals must be stopped, e.g. Fluoxetine, Alprazolam, Selegiline
- 4). Behaviour modification - prevent escalation of behaviour; avoid reinforcement (if learned); reduce emotional arousal
Feline idiopathic cystitis stress management
- 1). Environmental optimising - prey preference; scratching preference; safe space - rest space, hunting space; feeding - location, space, routine; water – location, amount; resource spacing; litter tray – substrate, location, numbers, type
- 2). Behavioural modification - reduce conflict; avoid change in lifestyle; positive association - training for health; increase confidence - seize punitive tx, praise small wins
- 3). Drug/pheromone therapy - increase self confidence; increase feeling of a safe space; analgesia; antispasmodics
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome - stress management
- Optimising environment
- Reduce emotional arousal
- Address emotional arousal
- Provide safe space to rest + hide
- Pain management (rule out + treat)
Canine leptospirosis
- AB - treat suspected dogs before lab confirmation
- 1). Acute disease/during leptospiraemia - penicillin IV (amoxicillin) when GI cannot absorb
- 2). Chronic renal carrier state (when GI signs controlled) - doxycyline 5 mg/kg PO q 12 h, 2 w
- Supportive/symptomatic Tx of AKI (up to renal dialysis)/hepatomegaly -> full renal recovery/CKD
- Vacc - 4 serovars, core vaccs followed by yearly
- Routine disinfectants kill leptospires
Aspergillosis (dog)
- Oral antifungals - Itraconazole
- +/- Topical Tx - endoscopic debridement + antifungals/sinus trepanation
- Refer for rhinoscopy + debridement + topical antifungals
Canine parvovirus
- IVFT - correct dehydration + on-going losses, electrolyte supplementation (hypokalaemia common), glucose monitoring
- Early enteral feeding (nasooesophageal)
- AB - if neutropoenic/indicative of bacteraemia/sepsis, Aomoxicillin/clavulanate
- Symptomatic/supportive - anti-emetics, analgesia
- Vacc (core)
- Disinfect contaminated areas
Canine adenovirus
- Supportive/symptomatic only
- Vacc (core)
- Isolation of infected dogs
Canine distemper virus
- Supportive/symptomatic only
- Vacc (core)
- Isolation of infected dogs
Angiostrongylosis (dog)
- Imidacloprid/moxidectin; milbemycin (MLs) (also for prevention – monthly)
- (Fenbendazole (3 - 21 days) = slow kill)
- Supportive
- (Glucocorticoids against post-treatment anaphylaxis, anti-inflam dose)
Brucellosis (dog)
- Prolonged AB needed
- Failure/relapse common
- Euth - Tx difficult, cannot get rid of infection
Toxoplasma (dog + cat)
- Clindamycine 12.5 mg/kg BID, 4 w
- Hygiene of humans - handwashing e.g. after gardening, avoid raw meat
Campylobacter / Salmonella
- Only give AB when signs of sepsis
- Isolation
- Hygiene measures
- Only Tx of systemically ill cats
Cat flu
- Antivirals - Famciclovir (specifically for FHV), expensive
- Nutrition - feeding tubes
- Nursing care
- Analgesia
- Nebulisation
- Hygiene + separation of cats
- Core vaccination - not as effective - vacc based on risk, reduces severity
- Dec stress + overcrowding
- Breeding environment management
FIP
- Antivirals
- Remdesivir - 10 mg/mL
- GS-441524 - 50 mg tablets
Clostridiosis (Cat)
- 7 d metronidazole
Toxocara
- Routine anthelmintics
- Worming
Mycobacteriosis (Tuberculous mycobacterium), cases you do treat (cat)
- Triple therapy AB - Rifampicin, Clarithromycin, Fluroquinolone
- 6 m therapy - liquid formulations of drugs/all in gelatine capsule/oesophageal tube placement
Feline panleukopoenia
- Vaccinate kittens - provides long-lasting immunity
- Can titre test
Giardia (cat)
- Fenbendazole
- (+/- metronidazole)
- Diet
- Probiotics
Tritrichomonas fetus (blagburni) protozoa (cat)
- Ronidazole AB (more effective than metronidazole)
Triage - primary survey
- A - airway - patent?
- B - breathing - effectively moving air + in out lungs?
- C - circulation - heartbeat/pulse?
Triage/critical care - stabilisation
- 1). Give O2
- 2). Place IV catheter - take blood samples
- 3). Fluid therapy, if hypovolaemic - give bolus (10 mL/kg over 10 - 20 min)
- Take bloods
- 4). Analgesia + other drugs
- 5). Minimum emergency database samples
- 6). POCUS Dx
Triage/critical care - secondary survey
Major body systems assessement
- 1). CVS system
- 2). Resp system
- 3). Neuro system
- 4). Urinary system
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Prophylactically monitor + Tx
- Peripheral vasodilation
- Inc capillary permeability
- Depressed cardiac func
- Target organ dysfunction
Hypoalbuminaemia / inc oncotic pull -> re-hydration
- Plasma transfusoon
- Albumin transfusion
- Synthetic colloids
(Doesn’t directly inc albumin levels in blood)
GI motility + mucosal integrity
- Clean up excreta
- Keep skin clean - dry wet skin
- Tx + monitor - ileus, D+, V+
- Anti-emetics - Maropitant, Ondansetron
- Pro-kinetics - Metoclopramide
- Gastric protectants - Sucralfate, Omeprazole, Ranitidine, Famotidine
Coagulopathy disorder
- Plasma
- Vit K
CPR algorithm
Basic life support
- Start compressions within 15 s
- 1). Compressions - 100 - 120/min
- 2). Ventilation - ET + cuff tube -10/min, 1 s inspiration time, 100% O2, 10 breaths/min
- 2 min cycles - monitor key parameters in between + change compressor
Advanced life support
- Monitor end titdal CO2, capnograph > 15 mmHg = good compressions
-> 25 - 30 mmHg = return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)
- Vascular access - flush! (10 - 20 mL)
- Reversal drugs: Atipamezole (dom, alpha-2 agonists); Naloxone (opioids)
- Evaluate patient
Give drugs every other cycle (alternate between adrenaline + atropine)
- 1). Adrenaline @ 2 min, low dose = 0.01 mg/kg
- High dose = 0.1 mg/kg @ 10 min (only given ONCE - causes a lot of vasoconstriction)
- 2). Atropine @ 4 min, when inc vagal tone (dec HR, dec BP, hyperthermic - brachycephalics/ocular Sx), max two doses
- Possibly give sodium bicarbonate IV/IO (1 meq/kg) to reduce acidotic effect
- Possibly give lidocaine for ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Poisoning - patient Tx
- Prevent further exposure - coat decontamination (human + animal): wash/brush coat, mild detergent
- Dec absorption - GI decontamination: emesis if not contradicted
- No emesis if toxic substance -> burning of oesophagus/seizing -> V+ leads to aspiration
- Improve elimination
- Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) - trap/sink for lipophilic toxins
- Supportive care + antidotes e.g. antivenom, antagonists
Induce emesis
- Dog = apomorphine/ropinirole
- cat = alpha-2 agonist - xylazine, dexmedetomidine
- H2O2
- Stomach lavage
Gastric lavage
- When don’t want to induce emesis
- Light anaesthesia - propofol
- ET intubation + CUFF
- Large bore stomach tube
- 10 mL/kg warm water
- Gently massage/palp stomach
- Drain by gravity
- Repeat is needed - mostly clear fluid drained
Improve elimination/avoid reabsorption
- Activated charcoal
- Laxative - Lactulose, Sorbitol (ensure passes faeces) - not required if already D+
- Fluid diuresis - renally excreted toxins
Supportive care
- O2
- Fluid + electrolytes
- Seizure control/sedation
- Anti-emetics + gastric protectants
- Tube feeding
- Mechanical ventilation
- Maintain euglycaemia
- Haematology + coagulation
- Nursing care
Drolling/foaming at mouth
- Flush mouth w/ water
- Gastric protectants
- Anti-emetics
Acetaminophen - paracetamol poisoning
- GI decontamination (emesis/gastric lavage)
- N-acetylcysteine binds metabolites - liver metabolism
- Supportive care - FT, blood transfusion, liver support (SAMe), gastric protectants
- Px = guarded to poor
Mycotoxicosis
- GI decontamination - activated charcoal, IV fluids
- Diazepam for tremors
Onion/garlic toxicity
- Decontaminate GI - activated charcoal
- Monitor RBC parameters
Lead toxicity
- GIT decontamination
- Laxative
- Chelation if severe - CaEDTA
Organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, metaldehyde toxicity
- DO NOT INDUCE EMESIS
- Decontamination - activated charcoal
- Atropine - severe salivation/bradycardia/bronchoconstriction
- Diazepam - seizures; check temp if seizing (can become hyperthermic rapidly - need cooling down); propofol for seizing - gastric lavage
- Methocarbamol - muscle relaxant for muscle tremors (can give rectally)
- Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE)
- Supportive care
Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
- < 3 h - GI decontamination, measure PT + PTT at 24 + 72 h (after Tx, if parameters inc = enough in stomach for clotting, used up -> start Tx)
- Symptomatic patients = blood + plasma transfusions, chest drain (only if struggling to breathe), fluids, O2, feed, vit K1 (2 - 4 w, expensive)
- Keep in quiet place, little movement, limit invasive Tx - can bleed to death
- Vit K1 IV followed by oral + fatty meal
- Repeat PT + PTT, 48 h after last dose
Alphachloralose (rodenticide -> CNS CS)
- Supportive care
- Symptomatic Tx - tremors, seizures etc
- Good Px
Ethylene glycol toxicity
- Recent exposure - gastric decontamination
- Renal failure = poor Px - fluids, electrolytes, mannitol, furosemide, dopamine, dialysis - diuresis - inc blood flow to kidneys
- Antidotes = fomepizole, ethanol
Grapes + raisins toxicity
- Decontaminate GIT - activated charcoal
- Fluids - acute renal failure
Lily toxicity
- Decontaminate skin + GIT
- Activated charcoal
- IV fluids
- Monitor kidneys - creatinine levels
Blue green algae toxicity
- Decontaminate skin + GIT
- Activated charcoal
- Fluids
- Anticonvulsants
- Monitor liver, kidneys + electrolytes
- Tx symptomatically
Chocolate toxicity
- Decontaminate GIT
- Activated charcoal
- Fluids
- Sedation
- Beta-blockers - slow down heart
Xylitol toxicity
- Decontaminate GIT
- NO EMESIS
- Dextrose supplementation
- Fluids
- Anti-emetics
- GI + liver protectants
Battery toxicity
- NO EMESIS
- Remove via Sx/endoscopy - leaks/damage seen on radio, too large to pass, not moving in 24 h
Marijuana toxicity
- Decontamination
- Anticonvulsants if needed
- ILE
- Supportive care
Disease outbreak management (herd health)
- Increase biosecurity protocols - PPE, sanitation + disinfectant protocols, prohibit visitors, order those vulnerable/high risk + require care
- Control animal moverment
- Infect/affected + in contact - isolate + barrier nurse depending on illness, euth
- Clean - isolated + divided depending on immunity, vacc, remove from shelter
Manual physiotherapies
- Passive mobilisations - passive range of motion (PROM)
- ST stretches
- Accessory mobilisation
- Trigger points - knots
Electrotherapy physiotherapies
- Laser
- Neuromuscular stimulation
- Ice therapy
Muscle stimulation (physio)
- Muscle fibre stimulation = frequency-specific
- Voluntary contractions recruit small, slow twitch, oxidative, type 1 muscle fibres first
- Muscle stimulated contractions recruit large, fast twitch, glycolytic, type II muscle fibres first
- Most beneficial when used in conjunction w/ voluntary contractions
Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)
- Light absorbed
- Chromophores absorb photons in mitochondria
- Light energy transformed into biochemical energy, allows more energy to be released from tissues to perform func
Exercise therapy
- 1). Balance (optimises nerve reactions) - inc core muscle strength in lumbar region
- 2). Strength (inc muscle forces)
- 3). Endurance (improves CV system)
- 4). Flexibility (maintains elasticity)
- Core Stability
- Proprioception
- Hydrotherapy
Hip dysplasia (conservative management) rehab plan
- Pain management - laser, acupuncture, hands-on, HEP of massage, PROM
- Mobility - home environment (putting mats down on slippy floors, reducing going up + down stairs), exercise advice, hydrotherapy, stretches
- Maintain/improve strength - poles, balance exercises, hydro, muscle stim, core work, quads + gluteals
- Assistive devices - slings, supports
Degenerative myelopathy rehab plan
- Poles/weaves
- PROM/massage
- Under water treadmill
- Acupuncture
- Assistive devices
Medial patella luxation rehab plan
- Reduce pain + swelling - laser, ice, acupuncture, massage
- Inc ST flexibility - stretches + massage
- Strength - targeted exercises, muscle stimulation, hydro, underwater treadmill - inc quadriceps strength + tape muscles to align patella
- Gait re-education
Femoral head + neck excision (FHNE) rehab plan
- Inc weight bearing - weight shifts, slow walking, cavalettis
- ROM, inc hip extension - PROM, stretches
- Improve proprioception - wobbleboard, hip + core strengthening
- Improve strength - muscle stim, theraband, inclines, step-ups, sit to stand, zig zags
Giardia (dog)
- Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg SID, 5 d)
- Disinfection of contaminated areas
