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AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 > Companion Animal Treatments and Procedures I > Flashcards

Companion Animal Treatments and Procedures I Flashcards

1
Q

Canine vaccination

A

Core: 1st 8 w; 2nd 3 w later -> yearly (3rd > 16 w age; 4th 26 w/52 w -> q 3 y)
- D - Canine distemper virus (CDV)
- H - Canine adenovirus (CAV) (hepatitis)
- P - Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV)
- (Rabies in endemic countries)

Non-core:
- Pi - Canine parainfluenza virus
- Bb - Bordetella bronchiseptica
- L - Leptospirosis (multiple serovars) (yearly), core in UK
- Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease); Canine herpes virus; Leishmaniasis; Rabies (UK)

Not-recommended:
- Canine enteric coronavirus

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2
Q

Feline vaccination

A

Core: kitten - 1st 8 w; 2nd 12 w -> annually (three yearly vacc protocols)
- ‘Cat flu’, q 1 y: Feline calicivirus (C); Feline herpesvirus type 1 (rhinotracheitis) (R)
- Feline parvovirus, enteritis (P)
- Rabies (endemic)

Non-core:
- Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), q 3 y
- Chlamydia (Chlamydia felis)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) (KC)
- Rabies (UK)
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (not available in UK)

Not recommended:
- Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (not available in UK)

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3
Q

Leptospirosis - prevention (canine)

A
  • Annual vaccs w/ tetravalent vaccine
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4
Q

Kennel cough (canine parainfluenza virus (Pis)/Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) antigen (canine)

A
  • Intranasal injection = live vacc (shedding up to 35 d, avoid AB use 14 d post-vacc)
  • Subcut (only Bb), need adjuvant for Pi
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5
Q

Leishmaniasis (canine)

A
  • CaniLeish vacc (Virbac)
  • Reduces risk of infection by promoting cell mediated immunity
  • Give to healthy seronegative dogs when at high risk
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6
Q

Borrelia (Lyme disease) (canine)

A
  • Vacc controversy
  • Acaricide - takes 24 h for attachment of tick to transfer Borrelia
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7
Q

Canine herpes (canine)

A
  • Eurican Herpes 205 (Boeringer)
  • Pregnant bitches -> passive protection for puppies in first few days of life - Ab
  • 1st = 7 - 10 d after mating date
  • 2nd 1 - 2 w before expected whelping
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8
Q

Endoparasites

A

Nematodes + Cestodes
- Macrocyclic lactones - Milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, selamectin (Stronghold)
- Benzimidazoles - Fenbendazole (Panacur), febantel

Consider:

  • Roundworms: Tx puppies 2, 5, 8 w, then q month until 6 m/o; pregnant bitches (fenbendazole (Panacur) SID from day 40 until 2 w post-partum / ML on d 40 + 55; sharing homes w/ young children/immunosuppressed (monthly); show/sport/kennels (1 m before, 2 - 4 w after event)
  • Tapeworms: travel; raw-fed dogs (q 6 w); flea infestation - flea swallowed w/ containing tapeworm larvaew/ Praziquantel
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9
Q

Dipylidium sp tapeworm endoparasite (canine)

A
  • Praziquantel - not controlled
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10
Q

Ectoparasites

A

1). Ectoparasiticides
- Macrocyclic lactones (milbemycin, moxidectin)
- Phenylpyrazoles (fipronil)
- Imidacloprid / nitenpyram
- Pyrethroids (permethrin)
- Amitraz
- Isoxazolines (Advocate, Advantgae, Bravecto) - treats most things but tapeworms + ticks

2). Acaricides (mites and ticks)
3). Insecticides (insects)
4). Growth regulators - e.g. Permethrin
5). Methoprene (juvenile hormone analogue)
6). Lufenuron (insect development inhibitor)

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11
Q

Postponement of estrus/heat

A
  • Progestogens (P4 analogues -> dec in GnRH, FSH, LH, E2): Megestrol acetate (Ovarid); Proligestone (Delvosteron)
  • Androgens (-ive feedback on HPG axis, tissues less responsive to E2): Milbolerone; Nandrolone (given for CRF in cats); Testosterone (not in UK)
  • GnRH agonists (dec FSH + LH production), desensitises GnRH production - Deslorelin acetate
  • Surgical - OVH, ovariectomy, tube ligation
  • Intrauterine - intrauterine devices
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12
Q

Misalliance/pregnancy termination

A

1). Drugs acting on uterus: Aglepristone (Alizin) - anti-progestogen, synthetic steroid
- Early preg (0 - 22 d) - vag cyto in dioestrus
- 2). Drugs acting on ovaries: Prostaglandin (Dinoprost) (PGF2/PGF2a) - lyse CL (but in dog, CL resistant to effects), cause uterine contractions
- Mid preg (22 - 40 d) - if +ive preg Dx, w/ Aglepristone
- 3). Drugs acting on pit gland: Cabergoline (Galastop) - dopamine agonist, inhibits prolactin production -> luteolysis
- Late preg (> 40 d) / still +ive / all three or OVH

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13
Q

Pseudopregnancy (canine)

A
  • Conservative - inc exercise, disrupt nesting, distract from toys
  • Cabergoline (Galastop) - dopamine agonist (dec prolactin production)
  • Likely recurrent -> OVH (3 - 4 m after season/post whelping)
  • Avoid spay at time of elevated/rising prolactin as may result in prolonged pseudopreg - wait 8 - 10 w
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14
Q

Induction of parturition

A
  • Un-licensed drugs, used for abortion/pyo Tx
  • Risk of maternal morbidity, dystocia, should not be induced before d 60
  • Aglepristone, oxytocin
  • Aglepristone, PGF2a
  • Nitroglycerine (softens cervix), oxytocin
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15
Q

Control of male breeding cycle

A
  • Surgical - castration, vasectomy

Chemical:

  • GnRH agonists - Deslorelin (Suprelorin) - slow release, long-acting implant; causes initial 14 d testosterone surge, then levels dec, infertility after 6 - 8 w implantation, lasts up to 6 - 12 m, longer in lighter dogs
  • Progestogens - Delmadinone acetate (Tardak) - for hypersexuality, prostatic hyperplasia
  • Androgens - Testosterone (Durateston) - dec spermatozoa + spermatozoal motility, SE: prostatic hypertrophy; not licensed for use for control of breeding in males
  • Prolactin - dec fertility - reduced motility, no. + altered structure of spermatozoa (serum conc of testosterone, FSH and LH do not alter), possibly a direct effect on testes rather than HPG axis, not licensed
  • Immunisterilisation - w/ Improvac, targets GnRH, LH + sperm antifens (AB production unpredictable, GnRH/LH not immunogenic)

Other:

  • Injection: intratesticular, intra-epididymal, intra-vas deferens injections; adjuvant agent (BCG); reproductive toxins (dexamethasone); Zinc gluconate; Occlusive silicone (vas deferens) (varying degrees of reduction/duration of infertility)
  • US - high intensity focused US beam, short bursts (10 - 15 min 1 - 3 times from 2 - 7 d), suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone levels
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16
Q

Induction of infertility (ferrets)

A
  • Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
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17
Q

Ovarian cysts (guinea pig)

A
  • Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
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18
Q

Oestrogen-induced mammary carcinoma (rat)

A
  • Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
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19
Q

Egg-laying disorders (egg binding) (birds)

A
  • Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
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20
Q

Obstructive dystocia

A
  • 1). Manual intervention - large dogs - retropulsion/realignment (transabdominal palp)+ traction techniques to push foetus back into uterus then reposition + pull head out in between straining
  • Traction - a lot of lube + grip head only (only use forceps if deceased)
  • No success -> Sx
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21
Q

Non-obstructive dystocia - medical management

A
  • Only if no obstruction; dam is physically healthy; no signs of foetal distress
  • Oxytocin (0.2 - 0.4 IU/animal SC/IM) - repeat 20 - 3- min x 3
  • 10% calcium gluconate 0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg slow IV 1 mL/min w/ ECG + HR monitoring, dilute in saline, strengthen uterine contractions
  • 2 mL of 50% dextrose by slow IV infusion (for hypoglycaemia)

(Less successful in the queen)

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22
Q

Caesarian section

A
  • If non-responsive medical management
  • Foetal distress evident despite inc in uterine contractibility
  • Unsuccessful attempt at relieving obstruction
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23
Q

Hypocalcaemia (peri-parturient disease) - eclampsia, puerperal tetany

A
  • Treat immediately - risk of seizing + death
  • Calcium gluconate 10% slow (0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg) (cats = 0.5 - 1.0 mL per cat IV)
  • Cooling if hyperthermic
  • Give O2
  • Continue calcium supplementation w/ dilute calcium gluconate SC or oral calcium + vit D supplementation
  • Consider weaning pups if possible
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24
Q

Hypoglycaemia (peri-parturient disease)

A
  • 50% dextrose slow IV (0.5 - 1g/kg, 1 - 2 mL/kg), dilute in saline 1:4
  • Supplement feeding until parturition
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25
Q

Hyperglycaemia (peri-parturient disease) - gestational diabetes

A
  • Difficult to manage - consider termination of pregnancy
  • No further breeding
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26
Q

Metritis (peri-parturient disease)

A
  • Stabilise dam -> IVFT, IV broad spectrum AB (consider choice if nursing)
  • Evacuate uterine contents -> uterine lavage, oxytocin, PGF2a
  • Consider OVH in severe cases
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27
Q

Haemorrhage (peri-parturient disease)

A
  • Repair defect - e.g. tearing (uterine/vaginal), vessel rupture, underlying coagulation defect
  • Vaginal packing
  • Oxytocin
  • Blood transfusion
  • Exploratory laparotomy
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28
Q

Small uterine prolapse w/ minimal uterine damage

A
  • Clean w/ saline
  • Lubricate + gently replace under sedation/GA
  • Hypertonic fluids
  • Oxytocin
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29
Q

Severe uterine prolapse/damage

A
  • Restore blood vol (due to haemorrhage + shock) -> IVFT/blood transfusion
  • Exploratory laparotomy +/- OVH
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30
Q

Mastitis (peri-parturient disease)

A
  • Systemic AB - Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
  • Warm compress/massage/stripping + pain med
  • Sx debridement if abscessation
  • Sepsis Tx
  • Management of neonates
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31
Q

Neonatal resuscitation ABCD

A
  • 1). Airway - clear airway - gauze/cotton swab/suction pipette (or syringe attached to IV cannula)
  • 2). Breathing - stimulate by vigorous rubbing, gentle chest compression, doxapram (NSAID, not used anymore)
  • Supply O2 - flow by mask/intubation
  • Induction apnoea acupuncture point between midline of philtrum + twist
  • 3). Circulation - cardiac massage (CPR), fluid therapy
  • 4). Dry and warm - dry + provide heat source, blankets
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32
Q

Fading puppy or kitten syndrome

A
  • Treat underlying cause/problem - rule out congenital defects, nutritional deficiencies, traumatic injury, maternal neglect, infectious diseases, septicaemia
  • Supportive care ASAP
  • May require fluids, glucose, nutrition, warming, AB, vit K1 in haemorrhage w/ prolonged PT (prothrombin/clotting time)
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33
Q

Antimicrobial therapy - neonates

A
  • AB therapy (IV preferred) - amoxicillin (10 - 20 mg/kg BID); amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (12 - 25 mg/kg BID); Cephalexin (10 - 30 mg/kg BID)

(Don’t give aminoglycosides - gentamycin, amikacin - renal damage; chloramphenicol -> BM suppression; quinolones - enrofloxacin -> cartilage damage esp in large dog breeds)

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34
Q

Omphalitis

A
  • Drain abscess
  • AB
  • Nursing
  • Feeding
  • Fluids
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35
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis)

A
  • Open eyes carefully + flush
  • AB ointment
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36
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

A
  • CATS (not seen in dogs unless bitch had blood transfusion before)
  • Proper breeding program of pure-breeds - blood type kittens at birth + hand-rear A + AB kittens (if mother B type - have anti-A Ab in milk) then return to mother after GI barrier (colostrum closed up after 24 h)
  • Use foster cat mother
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37
Q

Neonatal septicaemia

A
  • Culture peritoneal fluid
  • Treat litter mates early - cephalosporins sometimes combined w/ enrofloxacin (weigh up pros + cons of quinolone usage)
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38
Q

Neonatal hypothermia

A
  • Rewarm slowly over 1 - 2 h to avoid inc metabolic demand/avoid shock
  • Focal source of heat - hot water bottle, rice bags, no direct contact able to move away (no heat lamp/mat)
  • Bair hugger
  • Turn regularly
  • 29 - 31 C w 1
  • 26 - 28 C w 2
  • 23 - 25 C > w 3
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39
Q

Neonatal hypoxia

A
  • Pulse oximeter reading = ~90%, give 50% O2 maximum
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40
Q

Neonatal dehydration

A
  • Fluids - PO/SC/IP/intra-osseus (femur/humerus)/IV
  • Maintenance = 80 - 100 mL/kg/day
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41
Q

Neonatal hypoglycaemia

A
  • Feed
  • 0.5 - 1.5 mL/kg 50 % dextrose diluted 1:1 orally or IV - CRI to maintain euglycaemia
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42
Q

Neonatal nutrition

A
  • Key parameters: colostrum first 3 d; 20 - 25 kcal/100 g /day; commercial milk formulae; stomach capacity = 4 mL/kg (don’t give more at any given meal)
  • Bottle, syringe, stomach tube
  • 4 meals per day at least, sick pups every 3 - 4 hours
  • Warm to body temp
  • Work hygienically
  • Feed slowly
  • Burp + elimination after feed
  • Skip meal if D+
  • Older pups- nasoesophageal/nasogastric tube
43
Q

Haemorrhage - petechiae, in neonate

A
  • Injection of vit K
44
Q

Stress management key principles

A
  • 1). Nutritional - Specific diets to manage physical condition - Diets with formulas that increase key neurotransmitters
  • 2). Nutraceutical - target affected neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine etc, want inc) e.g. L-tryptophan, L-theanine
  • 3). Medication - target affected neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine, GABA etc); onset of action can be 3-5 weeks; nutraceuticals must be stopped, e.g. Fluoxetine, Alprazolam, Selegiline
  • 4). Behaviour modification - prevent escalation of behaviour; avoid reinforcement (if learned); reduce emotional arousal
45
Q

Feline idiopathic cystitis stress management

A
  • 1). Environmental optimising - prey preference; scratching preference; safe space - rest space, hunting space; feeding - location, space, routine; water – location, amount; resource spacing; litter tray – substrate, location, numbers, type
  • 2). Behavioural modification - reduce conflict; avoid change in lifestyle; positive association - training for health; increase confidence - seize punitive tx, praise small wins
  • 3). Drug/pheromone therapy - increase self confidence; increase feeling of a safe space; analgesia; antispasmodics
46
Q

Feline hyperesthesia syndrome - stress management

A
  • Optimising environment
  • Reduce emotional arousal
  • Address emotional arousal
  • Provide safe space to rest + hide
  • Pain management (rule out + treat)
47
Q

Canine leptospirosis

A
  • AB - treat suspected dogs before lab confirmation
  • 1). Acute disease/during leptospiraemia - penicillin IV (amoxicillin) when GI cannot absorb
  • 2). Chronic renal carrier state (when GI signs controlled) - doxycyline 5 mg/kg PO q 12 h, 2 w
  • Supportive/symptomatic Tx of AKI (up to renal dialysis)/hepatomegaly -> full renal recovery/CKD
  • Vacc - 4 serovars, core vaccs followed by yearly
  • Routine disinfectants kill leptospires
48
Q

Aspergillosis (dog)

A
  • Oral antifungals - Itraconazole
  • +/- Topical Tx - endoscopic debridement + antifungals/sinus trepanation
  • Refer for rhinoscopy + debridement + topical antifungals
49
Q

Canine parvovirus

A
  • IVFT - correct dehydration + on-going losses, electrolyte supplementation (hypokalaemia common), glucose monitoring
  • Early enteral feeding (nasooesophageal)
  • AB - if neutropoenic/indicative of bacteraemia/sepsis, Aomoxicillin/clavulanate
  • Symptomatic/supportive - anti-emetics, analgesia
  • Vacc (core)
  • Disinfect contaminated areas
50
Q

Canine adenovirus

A
  • Supportive/symptomatic only
  • Vacc (core)
  • Isolation of infected dogs
51
Q

Canine distemper virus

A
  • Supportive/symptomatic only
  • Vacc (core)
  • Isolation of infected dogs
52
Q

Angiostrongylosis (dog)

A
  • Imidacloprid/moxidectin; milbemycin (MLs) (also for prevention – monthly)
  • (Fenbendazole (3 - 21 days) = slow kill)
  • Supportive
  • (Glucocorticoids against post-treatment anaphylaxis, anti-inflam dose)
53
Q

Brucellosis (dog)

A
  • Prolonged AB needed
  • Failure/relapse common
  • Euth - Tx difficult, cannot get rid of infection
54
Q

Toxoplasma (dog + cat)

A
  • Clindamycine 12.5 mg/kg BID, 4 w
  • Hygiene of humans - handwashing e.g. after gardening, avoid raw meat
55
Q

Campylobacter / Salmonella

A
  • Only give AB when signs of sepsis
  • Isolation
  • Hygiene measures
  • Only Tx of systemically ill cats
56
Q

Cat flu

A
  • Antivirals - Famciclovir (specifically for FHV), expensive
  • Nutrition - feeding tubes
  • Nursing care
  • Analgesia
  • Nebulisation
  • Hygiene + separation of cats
  • Core vaccination - not as effective - vacc based on risk, reduces severity
  • Dec stress + overcrowding
  • Breeding environment management
57
Q

FIP

A
  • Antivirals
  • Remdesivir - 10 mg/mL
  • GS-441524 - 50 mg tablets
58
Q

Clostridiosis (Cat)

A
  • 7 d metronidazole
59
Q

Toxocara

A
  • Routine anthelmintics
  • Worming
60
Q

Mycobacteriosis (Tuberculous mycobacterium), cases you do treat (cat)

A
  • Triple therapy AB - Rifampicin, Clarithromycin, Fluroquinolone
  • 6 m therapy - liquid formulations of drugs/all in gelatine capsule/oesophageal tube placement
61
Q

Feline panleukopoenia

A
  • Vaccinate kittens - provides long-lasting immunity
  • Can titre test
62
Q

Giardia (cat)

A
  • Fenbendazole
  • (+/- metronidazole)
  • Diet
  • Probiotics
63
Q

Tritrichomonas fetus (blagburni) protozoa (cat)

A
  • Ronidazole AB (more effective than metronidazole)
64
Q

Triage - primary survey

A
  • A - airway - patent?
  • B - breathing - effectively moving air + in out lungs?
  • C - circulation - heartbeat/pulse?
65
Q

Triage/critical care - stabilisation

A
  • 1). Give O2
  • 2). Place IV catheter - take blood samples
  • 3). Fluid therapy, if hypovolaemic - give bolus (10 mL/kg over 10 - 20 min)
  • Take bloods
  • 4). Analgesia + other drugs
  • 5). Minimum emergency database samples
  • 6). POCUS Dx
66
Q

Triage/critical care - secondary survey

A

Major body systems assessement
- 1). CVS system
- 2). Resp system
- 3). Neuro system
- 4). Urinary system

67
Q

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A

Prophylactically monitor + Tx
- Peripheral vasodilation
- Inc capillary permeability
- Depressed cardiac func
- Target organ dysfunction

68
Q

Hypoalbuminaemia / inc oncotic pull -> re-hydration

A
  • Plasma transfusoon
  • Albumin transfusion
  • Synthetic colloids
    (Doesn’t directly inc albumin levels in blood)
69
Q

GI motility + mucosal integrity

A
  • Clean up excreta
  • Keep skin clean - dry wet skin
  • Tx + monitor - ileus, D+, V+
  • Anti-emetics - Maropitant, Ondansetron
  • Pro-kinetics - Metoclopramide
  • Gastric protectants - Sucralfate, Omeprazole, Ranitidine, Famotidine
70
Q

Coagulopathy disorder

A
  • Plasma
  • Vit K
71
Q

CPR algorithm

A

Basic life support
- Start compressions within 15 s
- 1). Compressions - 100 - 120/min
- 2). Ventilation - ET + cuff tube -10/min, 1 s inspiration time, 100% O2, 10 breaths/min
- 2 min cycles - monitor key parameters in between + change compressor

Advanced life support
- Monitor end titdal CO2, capnograph > 15 mmHg = good compressions
-> 25 - 30 mmHg = return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)
- Vascular access - flush! (10 - 20 mL)
- Reversal drugs: Atipamezole (dom, alpha-2 agonists); Naloxone (opioids)
- Evaluate patient

Give drugs every other cycle (alternate between adrenaline + atropine)
- 1). Adrenaline @ 2 min, low dose = 0.01 mg/kg
- High dose = 0.1 mg/kg @ 10 min (only given ONCE - causes a lot of vasoconstriction)
- 2). Atropine @ 4 min, when inc vagal tone (dec HR, dec BP, hyperthermic - brachycephalics/ocular Sx), max two doses
- Possibly give sodium bicarbonate IV/IO (1 meq/kg) to reduce acidotic effect
- Possibly give lidocaine for ventricular tachyarrhythmias

72
Q

Poisoning - patient Tx

A
  • Prevent further exposure - coat decontamination (human + animal): wash/brush coat, mild detergent
  • Dec absorption - GI decontamination: emesis if not contradicted
  • No emesis if toxic substance -> burning of oesophagus/seizing -> V+ leads to aspiration
  • Improve elimination
  • Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) - trap/sink for lipophilic toxins
  • Supportive care + antidotes e.g. antivenom, antagonists
73
Q

Induce emesis

A
  • Dog = apomorphine/ropinirole
  • cat = alpha-2 agonist - xylazine, dexmedetomidine
  • H2O2
  • Stomach lavage
74
Q

Gastric lavage

A
  • When don’t want to induce emesis
  • Light anaesthesia - propofol
  • ET intubation + CUFF
  • Large bore stomach tube
  • 10 mL/kg warm water
  • Gently massage/palp stomach
  • Drain by gravity
  • Repeat is needed - mostly clear fluid drained
75
Q

Improve elimination/avoid reabsorption

A
  • Activated charcoal
  • Laxative - Lactulose, Sorbitol (ensure passes faeces) - not required if already D+
  • Fluid diuresis - renally excreted toxins
76
Q

Supportive care

A
  • O2
  • Fluid + electrolytes
  • Seizure control/sedation
  • Anti-emetics + gastric protectants
  • Tube feeding
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Maintain euglycaemia
  • Haematology + coagulation
  • Nursing care
77
Q

Drolling/foaming at mouth

A
  • Flush mouth w/ water
  • Gastric protectants
  • Anti-emetics
78
Q

Acetaminophen - paracetamol poisoning

A
  • GI decontamination (emesis/gastric lavage)
  • N-acetylcysteine binds metabolites - liver metabolism
  • Supportive care - FT, blood transfusion, liver support (SAMe), gastric protectants
  • Px = guarded to poor
79
Q

Mycotoxicosis

A
  • GI decontamination - activated charcoal, IV fluids
  • Diazepam for tremors
80
Q

Onion/garlic toxicity

A
  • Decontaminate GI - activated charcoal
  • Monitor RBC parameters
81
Q

Lead toxicity

A
  • GIT decontamination
  • Laxative
  • Chelation if severe - CaEDTA
82
Q

Organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, metaldehyde toxicity

A
  • DO NOT INDUCE EMESIS
  • Decontamination - activated charcoal
  • Atropine - severe salivation/bradycardia/bronchoconstriction
  • Diazepam - seizures; check temp if seizing (can become hyperthermic rapidly - need cooling down); propofol for seizing - gastric lavage
  • Methocarbamol - muscle relaxant for muscle tremors (can give rectally)
  • Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE)
  • Supportive care
83
Q

Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

A
  • < 3 h - GI decontamination, measure PT + PTT at 24 + 72 h (after Tx, if parameters inc = enough in stomach for clotting, used up -> start Tx)
  • Symptomatic patients = blood + plasma transfusions, chest drain (only if struggling to breathe), fluids, O2, feed, vit K1 (2 - 4 w, expensive)
  • Keep in quiet place, little movement, limit invasive Tx - can bleed to death
  • Vit K1 IV followed by oral + fatty meal
  • Repeat PT + PTT, 48 h after last dose
84
Q

Alphachloralose (rodenticide -> CNS CS)

A
  • Supportive care
  • Symptomatic Tx - tremors, seizures etc
  • Good Px
85
Q

Ethylene glycol toxicity

A
  • Recent exposure - gastric decontamination
  • Renal failure = poor Px - fluids, electrolytes, mannitol, furosemide, dopamine, dialysis - diuresis - inc blood flow to kidneys
  • Antidotes = fomepizole, ethanol
86
Q

Grapes + raisins toxicity

A
  • Decontaminate GIT - activated charcoal
  • Fluids - acute renal failure
87
Q

Lily toxicity

A
  • Decontaminate skin + GIT
  • Activated charcoal
  • IV fluids
  • Monitor kidneys - creatinine levels
88
Q

Blue green algae toxicity

A
  • Decontaminate skin + GIT
  • Activated charcoal
  • Fluids
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Monitor liver, kidneys + electrolytes
  • Tx symptomatically
89
Q

Chocolate toxicity

A
  • Decontaminate GIT
  • Activated charcoal
  • Fluids
  • Sedation
  • Beta-blockers - slow down heart
90
Q

Xylitol toxicity

A
  • Decontaminate GIT
  • NO EMESIS
  • Dextrose supplementation
  • Fluids
  • Anti-emetics
  • GI + liver protectants
91
Q

Battery toxicity

A
  • NO EMESIS
  • Remove via Sx/endoscopy - leaks/damage seen on radio, too large to pass, not moving in 24 h
92
Q

Marijuana toxicity

A
  • Decontamination
  • Anticonvulsants if needed
  • ILE
  • Supportive care
93
Q

Disease outbreak management (herd health)

A
  • Increase biosecurity protocols - PPE, sanitation + disinfectant protocols, prohibit visitors, order those vulnerable/high risk + require care
  • Control animal moverment
  • Infect/affected + in contact - isolate + barrier nurse depending on illness, euth
  • Clean - isolated + divided depending on immunity, vacc, remove from shelter
94
Q

Manual physiotherapies

A
  • Passive mobilisations - passive range of motion (PROM)
  • ST stretches
  • Accessory mobilisation
  • Trigger points - knots
95
Q

Electrotherapy physiotherapies

A
  • Laser
  • Neuromuscular stimulation
  • Ice therapy
96
Q

Muscle stimulation (physio)

A
  • Muscle fibre stimulation = frequency-specific
  • Voluntary contractions recruit small, slow twitch, oxidative, type 1 muscle fibres first
  • Muscle stimulated contractions recruit large, fast twitch, glycolytic, type II muscle fibres first
  • Most beneficial when used in conjunction w/ voluntary contractions
97
Q

Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

A
  • Light absorbed
  • Chromophores absorb photons in mitochondria
  • Light energy transformed into biochemical energy, allows more energy to be released from tissues to perform func
98
Q

Exercise therapy

A
  • 1). Balance (optimises nerve reactions) - inc core muscle strength in lumbar region
  • 2). Strength (inc muscle forces)
  • 3). Endurance (improves CV system)
  • 4). Flexibility (maintains elasticity)
  • Core Stability
  • Proprioception
  • Hydrotherapy
99
Q

Hip dysplasia (conservative management) rehab plan

A
  • Pain management - laser, acupuncture, hands-on, HEP of massage, PROM
  • Mobility - home environment (putting mats down on slippy floors, reducing going up + down stairs), exercise advice, hydrotherapy, stretches
  • Maintain/improve strength - poles, balance exercises, hydro, muscle stim, core work, quads + gluteals
  • Assistive devices - slings, supports
100
Q

Degenerative myelopathy rehab plan

A
  • Poles/weaves
  • PROM/massage
  • Under water treadmill
  • Acupuncture
  • Assistive devices
101
Q

Medial patella luxation rehab plan

A
  • Reduce pain + swelling - laser, ice, acupuncture, massage
  • Inc ST flexibility - stretches + massage
  • Strength - targeted exercises, muscle stimulation, hydro, underwater treadmill - inc quadriceps strength + tape muscles to align patella
  • Gait re-education
102
Q

Femoral head + neck excision (FHNE) rehab plan

A
  • Inc weight bearing - weight shifts, slow walking, cavalettis
  • ROM, inc hip extension - PROM, stretches
  • Improve proprioception - wobbleboard, hip + core strengthening
  • Improve strength - muscle stim, theraband, inclines, step-ups, sit to stand, zig zags
103
Q

Giardia (dog)

A
  • Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg SID, 5 d)
  • Disinfection of contaminated areas

AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 (17 decks)

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