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AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 > Companion Animal Key Parameters > Flashcards

Companion Animal Key Parameters Flashcards

1
Q

HR (dog)

A
  • 60 - 140 bpm (size dependent) / 70 - 180 bpm?
  • Emergency: > 160 bpm / < 60 bpm
  • Shock -> inc HR
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2
Q

HR (cat)

A
  • 170 - 200 bpm / 150 - 210 bpm?
  • Emergency: < 160 bpm / > 240 bpm
  • Shock -> dec HR
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3
Q

CRT

A
  • < 2 s
  • Emergency: < 1 s / > 3 s
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4
Q

Resp rate (dog)

A
  • 10 - 20 bpm
  • Emergency: > 50 bpm
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5
Q

Resp rate (cat)

A
  • 20 - 40 bpm
  • Emergency: > 50 bpm
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6
Q

Urinary output

A
  • 1 - 2 mL/kg/h
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7
Q

Temp (dog)

A
  • 37.5 - 39.5 C
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8
Q

Temp (cat)

A
  • 37.5 - 39.5 C
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9
Q

PCV (dog)

A
  • 25 - 40%
  • Emergency: > 50%
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10
Q

Albumin

A
  • 70 - 80%
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11
Q

Bolus fluid therapy

A
  • Over 10 - 20 min
  • 10 - 20 mL/kg
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12
Q

Maintenance FT

A
  • (BW x 30) + 70
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13
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A
  • > 60 mmHg
  • Dec w/ dec perfusion of organs
  • Dec BP - vasodilation
  • Inc BP - vasoconstriction
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14
Q

Blood glucose (dog)

A
  • 3.3 - 5.5 mmol/L
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15
Q

Anaemia

A
  • Low RBC, HCT, HGB
  • TP unchanged, PCV dec
  • If dehydrated - PCV may appear normal, TP raised
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16
Q

Regenerative anaemia

A
  • Inc reticulocytes
  • Inc MCV - polychromatophils are larger in size compared to erythrocytes
  • Dec MCHC - reticulocytes have lower cytoplasmic Hb
  • Inc RDW - reticulocytes are larger in size
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17
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • Normo to microcytosis (dec MCV)
  • Hypochromasia (dec MCH, will dec MCHC)
  • Inc platelet count
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18
Q

Non-regenerative anaemia

A
  • Normocytic (normal MCV)
  • Normochromic (normal MCHC)
  • MCV, RDW, MCH and MCHC within their reference ranges
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18
Q

Stress leucogram

A
  • Mature neutrophilia (inc segmented neutrophils)
  • Lymphopenia (dec lymphocytes)
  • Eosinopoenia
  • Monocytosis
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19
Q

Hyperproteinaemia - inc protein synthesis, inflammation

A
  • Dec albumin (dec negative APPs)
  • Inc globulins (inc positive APPs)
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20
Q

Hyperproteinaemia - haemoconcentration/dehydration

A
  • Inc albumin
  • Inc globulin (can be normal in many cases)
  • Erythrocystosis
  • Pre-renal azotaemia (hypovolemia)
  • Concentrated urine (inc urine SG)
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21
Q

Hypoproteinaemia - protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)

A
  • Dec albumin
  • Normal globulins (may get dec)
  • Marked proteinuria dominated by albuminuria
  • Possible evidence of renal insufficiency
  • Hypercholesterolaemia + peritoneal effusion - transudate
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22
Q

Hypoproteinaemia - protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)

A
  • Dec albumin
  • Dec globulins, or normal globulins
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23
Q

Azotaemia

A
  • Inc urine (or urea nitrogen)
  • And/or inc creatinine
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24
Q

Canine hypothyroidism (specific)

A
  • Low total T4
  • Inc TSH
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24
Q

Canine hypothyroidism (non-specific)

A

3/4 of dogs:
- Hypercholesterolaemia
- Hypertriglyceridaemia

1/3 - 1/4 of dogs:
- Mild, non-regenerative (normocytic and normochromic) anaemia
- Inc ALP
- Inc CK

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25
Q

Feline hyperthyroidism (non-specific)

A
  • Inc liver enzyme activities (ALP, ALT, AST) (most common)
  • Erythrocytosis
  • Macrocytosis (inc volumes of RBC, inc in MCV)
  • Stress leucogram - neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia
  • Azotaemia
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Inc fructosamine
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25
Q

Canine hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

A
  • Leucocytosis
  • Stress leucogram - neutrophilia, eosinopoenia, lymphopoenia, monocytosis
  • Thrombocytosis
  • Inc ALP - only dogs have isoenzyme of ALP induced by glucocorticoids
  • Inc ALT, less elevated than ALP
  • Hypercholesterolaemia
  • Dec circulating total T4 (normal endogenous TSH)
  • Low SG <1.015
  • Proteinuria
  • UTI, blood, protein, pH changes, active sediment or occult UTI
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25
Q

Feline hyperthyroidism (specific)

A
  • Elevated circulating total T4 conc
  • Total T4 in reference interval
  • Low TSH
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26
Q

Canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

A
  • Azotaemia
  • Dec sodium : potassium ratio (inc intracellular electrolytes, dec extracellular electrolytes)
  • Inc potassium
  • Dec sodium
  • Dec chloride
  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Normal to mild non-regenerative anaemia
  • ABSENCE of Stress leucogram
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26
Q

Striated muscle injury

A
  • Inc CK (max inc 6-12 hours after injury, returns to reference interval within 48 - 72 hours)
  • Serum AST activity inc slower than serum activities of CK and LDH
  • Serum LDH activity inc following muscle injury = less apparent for CK and AST
  • Myoglobinuria - associated with inc CK
  • Hyperkalaemia - degeneration of large area of skeletal muscle (more commonly associated w/ acid-base + electrolyte balance disorders)
  • Muscle damage
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27
Q

Relative erythrocytosis

A
  • Dehydration
  • Inc total protein
  • Inc albumin
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28
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)-mediated response

A
  • Mild neutrophilia/heterophilia (no left shift)
  • Lymphocytosis (may be more significant in some species, e.g. cats, birds)
  • Monocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts usually within the reference interval
  • E.g. A young healthy animal which has experienced fear or excitement (lymphocytosis is a common finding in puppies)
  • E.g. 2 Blood sample taken shortly after seizuring activity, or strenuous exercise
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29
Q

Corticosteroid-induced response (cortisol)

A
  • Stress leucogram
  • Neutrophilia/heterophilia (usually without a left shift)
  • Lymphopenia (inc in cats)
  • Eosinopenia
  • Monocytosis in the dog and occasionally in the cat
  • Inc ALP, GGT, ALT
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30
Q

Inflammation/infection

A
  • Neutrophilia/heterophilia of various severity (a left shift may be present)
  • Lymphopenia and eosinopenia may (or may not) be present (endogenous release of cortisol may contribute to these changes)
  • Monocytosis may be present (some forms of inflammation e.g. granulomatous inflammation are commonly associated with monocytosis)
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31
Q

Leucocyte summary response in dogs and cats, acute inflammation

A
  • Inc WBC
  • Inc segmented neutrophils
  • Inc band neutrophils
  • Variable change in lymphocytes
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32
Q

Leucocyte summary response in dogs and cats, chronic inflammation

A
  • Variable change in WBC, segmented neutrophils, band neutrophils and lymphocytes
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33
Q

Leucocyte summary response in dogs and cats, overwhelming inflammation

A
  • Dec in WBC
  • Dec in segmented neutrophils
  • Variable changes in band neutrophils
  • Variable changes in lymphocytes
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34
Q

Muscle damage

A
  • Inc CK
  • Inc AST
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35
Q

Liver damage

A
  • Normal CK
  • Inc AST
  • Inc liver enzymes - ALT, ALP
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36
Q

Disproportional change between creatinine (dec) and urea (inc)

A
  • More urea-producing substances e.g. GI H+, ulceration, severe nosebleed absorbed as blood is swallowed -> inc urea in blood
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37
Q

Albumin + TP elevated

A
  • GI loss of proteins
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38
Q

Only albumin elevated

A
  • Renal loss of proteins
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39
Q

Inc ALP

A
  • Inc bile acid
  • Steroid therapy
  • Inc w/ growing bones
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40
Q

Hypocalcaemia/eclampsia

A
  • Total calcium < 1.6 mmol/L
  • Ionised calcium < 0.8 mmol/L
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41
Q

PCV in whelping bitch

A
  • 30%
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42
Q

Neonate temp

A
  • Birth: 36 C
  • > 1 w: 37 - 38 C
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42
Q

Neonate HR

A
  • 200 - 220 bpm
  • May have soft functional murmur
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43
Q

Neonate respiration rate

A
  • 15 - 35 bpm
  • Lung sounds louder than adult
44
Q

CVS dysfunc

A
  • Hypotension
  • Arrhythmia
45
Q

Renal dysfunc

A
  • Oliguria
  • Anuria
  • Azotaemia
46
Q

Haematological dysfunc

A
  • Thrombocytopoenia
  • DIC
  • Anaemia
47
Q

GI dysfunc

A
  • Ileus
  • V+
  • D+
48
Q

Liver dysfunc

A
  • ALP, ALT vs SBA (serum bile acid conc)
  • Ammonia
  • Albumin
  • Glucose
49
Q

Nervous sytem dysfunc

A
  • Seizures
  • Coma
  • Hypoglycaemia
50
Q

Systolic BP

A
  • > 80 mmHg
51
Q

Critically ill patient’s biochem

A
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hypocalcaemia
52
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hypophosphataemia
  • Hypomagnesaemia
53
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hypophosphataemia
54
Q

Renal failure

A
  • Hyperphosphataemia
  • Hyper / hypokalaemia
55
Q

Dehydration

A
  • Inc PCV
  • Inc TP
  • Inc albumin
56
Q

Polycythaemia/normal (greyhounds)

A
  • Inc PCV
  • Normal TP
57
Q

Hyperglobulinaemia/lab error

A
  • Normal PCV
  • Inc TP
58
Q

Hypoalbuminaemia / Hypoglobulinaemia

A
  • Normal PCV
  • Dec TP
59
Q

Chronic anaemia, haemolytic anaemia

A
  • Dec PCV
  • Normal TP
60
Q

Bleeding, anaemia w/ hypoproteinaemia

A
  • Dec PCV
  • Dec TP
61
Q

Oliguria

A
  • < 0.5 - 1 mL/kg/h urine
62
Q

Polyuria

A
  • > 2 mL/kg/h
63
Q

Salmon, pink mm

A
  • Normal
64
Q

Pale mm

A
  • Vasoconstriction (hypovolaemic/cardiogenic shock), anaemia
  • Anticoagulant rodenticide, onion/garlic poisoning
65
Q

Blue/cyanotic mm

A
  • Prolonged state of shock, lack of O2 - anything that causes seizures, resp problems or anaemia
66
Q

Yellow mm

A
  • Icterus = liver affected
  • Sago palm, cycads, paracetamol poisoning
67
Q

Dirty/brown mm

A
  • Methaemoglobinaemia
  • Paracetamol poisoning
68
Q

Adult maintenance fluid requirement

A
  • 50 mL/kg/day
  • Anaesthesia/Sx = 1 - 2 x normal requirement
69
Q

Neonate maintenance fluid requirement

A
  • 100 mL/kg/day
70
Q

Blood volume (dog)

A
  • 80 mL/kg
  • Maintenance = 2 mL/kg/hr
  • (Same in horse 80 - 90 mL/kg)
71
Q

Crystalloid fluid required

A
  • 4 x blood vol deficit (only 1/4 stays in intravascular space after 1 h)
72
Q

On-going loses

A
  • 1 mL/kg/hr
73
Q

Resting Energy Requirement (RER)

A
  • Dog: RER = (BW x 30) + 70 = kcal
74
Q

Maintenance energy requirement (MER)

A
  • Dog: RER X factor (e.g. if entire 1.8; neutered: 1.6; obese 1.4)
75
Q

Paediatric giving set

A
  • 60 drops/mL
76
Q

Standard giving set

A
  • 20 drops/mL
77
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • Inc globulins
78
Q

Pre-renal azotaemia

A
  • Dehydration
  • 2y to V+
  • High protein meal - starve for 12 h to reduce interference
  • GI H+ may result in elevations
79
Q

Post-renal azotaemia

A
  • Obstruction - full bladder, Hx stranguria
  • Ruptured bladder - post obstruction/RTA
80
Q

Renal azotaemia

A
  • Azotaemia (inc urea + inc creatinine) + isothenuric urine (USG: 1.008 - 1.012)
  • Most concerning finding
  • AKD/CKD
81
Q

Hepatocellular damage

A

Inc enzymes
- ALT
- GLDH
- SDH
- (AST/LDH)

82
Q

Cholestasis

A

Inc
- ALP
- GGT
- Inc bilirubin (hepatic, post-hepatic)

83
Q

Transient inc ALT

A
  • RTA - liver or muscle damage, not corresponding to degree of damage
84
Q

Inc ALP

A
  • Not specific for cholestasis, but sensitive
  • Bone isoform - growing animals + bone path
  • Canine - steroid-induced
  • Gut - transient inc
85
Q

Inc GGT

A
  • Cholestasis + biliary tract disease
  • Neonates = colostrum intake
  • Steroid intake
86
Q

Inc cholesterol

A
  • Hepatic disease
  • Endocrine disease, esp hypothyroidism
  • Nephrotic syndrome
87
Q

Dec cholesterol

A
  • Malabsorption
  • Hyperthyroidism (feline)
88
Q

Inc creatine kinase (CK)

A
  • Muscle cell leakage/damage
  • Marked - aortic thromboembolism in cats
89
Q

Inc amylase + lipase

A
  • Marked elevation - pancreatitis (but may see no elevation)
  • Elevation - other pancreatic disease, dec renal clearance (2 - 3 x), GI obstruction, dexamethasone (lipase, 5 x)
  • DGGR lipase = more specific for pancreatitis than older lipase assays
90
Q

Inc calcium + phosphorus

A
  • Growing animals - bone met
91
Q

Inc calcium

A
  • Hypercalcaemia of malignancy
  • Inc ionised Ca
  • PTHrP produced by many neoplasms
92
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A
  • Transient - stress, up to 17 mmol/L - cats + young animals
  • Persistent = diabetes mellitus
93
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A
  • False reading - storage/haemolysis in-vitro
  • Insulinoma
  • Hepatic disorder
  • Sepsis
  • Addison’s
94
Q

Isothenuric urine USG

A
  • 1.007 - 1.012
  • Central diabetes insipidus
  • Or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - pyo, sepsis, unable to respond externally, unresponsive to ADH
95
Q

Hyposthenuric urine USG

A
  • <1.007
96
Q

Conc of Urine USG

A
  • Feline = > 1.035 (1.040)
  • Canine = > 1.030
  • Equine/large animal = > 1.020
97
Q

Inc albumin

A
  • Dehydration
  • Corticosteroids
98
Q

Dec albumin

A
  • Inc loss - PLE, PLN
  • Dec production - negative acute phase proteins inc in inflam = liver disease
    (CRP + haptoglobin = positive APP, dec in inflam)
99
Q

Inc globulin

A
  • Lymphoid, plasma cell neoplasia
100
Q

Dec globulin

A
  • Loss
  • H+
  • PLE
  • PLN
  • Dec production and/or inc protein catabolism
101
Q

Inc bilirubin

A
  • Pre-hepatic - haemolysis, IMHA
  • Hepatic, post hepatic - cholestasis, not able to excrete
102
Q

Capnography CO2 conc

A
  • 35 - 45 mmHg
  • If too high - ventilate, squeeze bag to inc tidal vol, lungs not working enough
  • If too low - hyperventilation, lungs working too well, patient becoming light, experiencing pain, running out of iso or heart not working well-enough, blood not delivering as much CO2
  • Wiggly line = good, no wiggly line = bad
103
Q

Acute haemorrhage

A
  • Dec RBCs, proteins, plasma
  • Initially PCV + TP normal
  • As fluid drawn into circulation to restore vol, PCV + TP dec
  • Splenic contraction may raise PCV levels to normal temporarily, TP levels will remain lower
104
Q

BMBT

A
  • Dog = 2 - 4 min
  • Cat = 1 - 2.5 min
104
Q

Hyposthenuric

A
  • < 1.008, more dilute than glomerular filtrate
  • Some renal tubular func as filtrate altered
105
Q

Isosthenuric

A
  • > 1.005 <1.015, equivalent conc to glomerular filtrate tubular - func unknown
106
Q

Hypersthenuric

A
  • > 1.015 - more conc than glomerular filtrate
  • At least some renal tubular func
  • Urine is normally hyperthenuric
107
Q

Hepatocellular damage

A
  • Inc AST
  • Inc ALT
  • Inc LDH
  • Inc SDH
  • Inc GLDH
108
Q

Cholestasis/biliary hyperplasia

A
  • Inc ALP
  • Inc GGT
109
Q

Corticosteroids

A
  • Inc ALP
  • Inc GGT
  • Inc ALT
110
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • Inc ALT
  • Inc GLDH
  • Inc ALP
  • Inc GGT
111
Q

Colostrum intake (not in foals)

A
  • Inc ALP
  • Inc GGT
112
Q

Addison’s Na : K

A
  • < 25 : 1
    (Normal = 27 : 1 - 40 : 1)
113
Q

RER (resting energy requirement for nutrition, calorie calculation)

A
  • RER = (BW x 70)^0.75
    OR
  • RER = (BW x 30) + 70

AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 (17 decks)

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