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AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 > Companion Animal Pathology II > Flashcards

Companion Animal Pathology II Flashcards

1
Q

Senior pet - descriptors

A
  • Fraility - dec functional reserve, decline in physiological + cog performance, vulnerable to disease, more susceptible to drug effects (+ polypharmacy)
  • Immunosenescence - immune dysfunc, remodelling of lymphoid tissues, susceptible to infections, autoimmune disease + neoplasia
  • Inflammaging - chronic inflam
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2
Q

Senior pet diseases

A
  • CVS
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Cognitive dysfunc
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Immune problems
  • Neoplasia
  • Thyroid problems
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cushing’s
  • Vision + hearing changes
  • Dental disease
  • Multiple organ involvement
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3
Q

Heart disease

A
  • Inc vascular + myocardial stiffness -> difficult to maintain BP
  • Myocardial fibrosis in muscle
  • Valvular degen - small dogs
  • Reduced adrenergic response
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4
Q

Heart diseases - dog

A
  • Myxomatous valve disease - small breeds
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy - large breeds
  • Pericardial disease
  • Arrhythmia
  • Systemic hypertension
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5
Q

Heart diseases - cat

A
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Systemic hypertension
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6
Q

Heart disease Dx

A
  • CS - lethargy, syncope, cough, exercise intolerance, inc resp rate
  • PE - heart murmur, arrhythmia, pulse deficit, weak pulses, retinal bleeds (cats)
  • Dx - Radio, ECG, echocardiogram, NT-proBNP, cardiac troponins, BP, holter monitor, resting resp rate
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7
Q

Renal system (senior)

A
  • Common in older cats
  • Reduced GFR, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis
  • CS - lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, V+, PUPD, incontinence
  • Dx - cachexia, oral ulcers, abdo kidney palp, low USG, proteinuria, anaemia, hypertension + retinal changes, uraemia + elevated SDMA, electrolyte imbalance, radio, US
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8
Q

Neuro disease (senior)

A
  • Canine + Feline cognitive dysfunc
  • 14 - 25% dogs > 8 y/o
  • Similar to Alzheimer’s disease beta amyloid plaques/senile plaques
  • Chronic pain-related anxiety - pain management
  • Early detection + Tx -> inc QoL
  • Dx = DISHAA - disorientation, social interaction, sleep-wake cycle, housetraining, activity, anxiety
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9
Q

MSK (senior)

A
  • Easily Dx in dogs, but cats hide pain
  • Cats rarely have crepitus on joint manipulation
  • > 60% cats have evidence of arthritis in one or more joints
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10
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • CS - lameness, pain, inactivity, reluctance to jump, dec mentation, reduced grooming in cats, getting ‘slow’
  • Dx - PE, radio, CT
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11
Q

Immune disease - senior

A
  • Immunosenescence - reduced immune response - need to maintain vacc
  • Auto-immune disease - IMHA, IMTP
  • Neoplasia
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12
Q

Neoplasia (dog)

A
  • Lymphoma (multicentric)
  • MCT
  • Haemangiosarcoma (spleen)
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Anal sac adenocarcinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
  • Soft tissue sarcoma
  • Melanoma
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13
Q

Neoplasia (cat)

A
  • Lymphoma (GIT)
  • SCC
  • Soft tissue sarcoma
  • Injection site sarcoma
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14
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • CS - weight loss, anorexia, V+, D+, dyspnoea, coughing, limping, PUPD, palpable + visible masses, pain, behaviour changes, haematuria
  • Dx = PE, CBC, serum chem, urinalysis, radio, US, FNA, cyto, biopsy, special staining, tumour markers, CT, MRI
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15
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Cats more common
  • CS - weight loss, hyperactive, aggressive, tachypnoea, tachycardia, poor coat, V+, D+, polyphagia, PUPD, lethargic
  • Dx - screening - total T4 + free T4
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16
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Dogs more common
  • CS - weight gain, lethargy, ‘sad’ expression, mental dullness, alopecia + coat changes, bradycardia, inappetence, anaemia
  • Dx - PE, CBC, biochem, TT4, TSH
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17
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A
  • CS - PUPD, polyphagia, weight loss, blindness, DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis), neuropathy
  • Dx - blood glucose, fructosamine (long-term glucose), urinalysis + culture, US
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18
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A
  • Cushing’s disease - can start in middle age
  • CS - PUPD, polyphagia, pot belly alopecia, panting, weakness, seizures, lose muscle mass on lower limbs
  • Dx - screening tests + confirmatory tests - ACTH stim test, low dose dexamethasone test, US, MRI
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19
Q

Vision + hearing changes (senior)

A
  • Vision - not all, dec vision, hardening of lens - loss of focus
  • Hearing - common in older, progressive loss
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20
Q

Dental disease (senior)

A
  • Inc risk - periodontal disese + oral neoplasia
  • Loss bone density -> pathological bone Fx
  • Effects on general systemic health - periodontitis -> chronic inflam disease process
  • Bacteria enter bloodstream - can enter heart valves -> valvular endocarditis
  • Radiograph recommended
  • Care w/ anaesthesia - but less of a risk than heart disease
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21
Q

QoL - objectives

A
  • Pain management
  • Management of clinical signs
  • Hygiene - maintain urine + faeces sanitation, access to elimination sites
  • Nutrition - diet + BCS
  • Mobility
  • Safety - avoid self-trauma, from others, dec hazards
  • Environmental needs - bedding, temp, ventilation, space, peace
  • Family engagement, isolation avoidance, other pet interaction
  • Mental stimulation
  • Preservation of dignity - soiling, manage incontinence, hygiene, grooming
  • Stress reduction
  • Preserve pet’s household role
  • Maintain will to live - monitor behaviour
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22
Q

Maladaptive chronic pain

A
  • Persists beyond expected course of acute disease, not associated w/ healing, no clear endpoint
  • Associated w/ recurrent/long-standing disease conditions, can exist w/o a cause -> serves little to no biological purpose
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Cancer
  • Periodontal disease
  • Persistent Sx pain
  • Episodes of acute pain
  • AKA pathological pain
  • Peripheral + central sensitisation -> permanent changes in CNS structure + func
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23
Q

Chronic pain behaviours general

A
  • Lameness/altered gait
  • Reduced mobility
  • Reduced activity - seem lazy, tired, lethargic
  • Hesitant on stairs, slippery floors/uneven surfaces
  • Reduced sociability - people + animals
  • Inc anxiety
  • Aggression
  • Grumpiness
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24
Q

Chronic pain behaviour evaluation (cat)

A
  • General mobility - ease of movement, fluidity of movement
  • Ability to perform activities of daily living - playing, hunting, jumping, using litter box
  • Eating, drinking
  • Grooming e.g. scratching
  • Resting, observing, relaxing - how well activities enjoyed by cat
  • Social activities - people + other pets
  • Temperament
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25
Q

Chronic pain behaviour evaluation (dog)

A
  • Vitality + mobility
  • Mood + demeanour
  • Levels of distress - vocalisation + response to other dogs + humans
  • Indicators of pain - comfort levels, stiffness, lameness, orthopaedic exam
  • Imprint of pain on somatic structures - myofascial exam, muscle strain patterns
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26
Q

Pain recognition

A
  • Pain score scale
  • Behaviour
  • Pain recognition tool/device
  • Questionnaire
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27
Q

Unresolved/chronic pain in cancer patients

A
  • Direct cancer pain
  • Neuroimmune interactions
  • Dx procedures
  • Metastatic disease
  • Concurrent painful conditions e.g. OA
  • Poorer response to chemo/radiotherapy
  • Earlier death
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28
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Inflammation
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29
Q

Cancer pain

A
  • Inflammation - caused by tumour invasion
  • Tissue distortion - caused directly by tumour invasion
  • Nerve injury -> neuropathic pain
  • Visceral obstruction
  • Ischaemia
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30
Q

Examples of severe to excruciating pain

A
  • CNS infarction/tumours
  • Meningitis
  • Bone cancer
  • Aortic saddle thrombosis
  • Limb amputation
  • Ear canal ablation
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31
Q

Examples of moderate to severe pain

A
  • Immune-mediated arthritis
  • Glaucoma
  • Uveitis
  • Pleuritis
  • Mastitis
  • Oral cancer
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32
Q

Examples of moderate pain

A
  • ST injuries
  • Urethral obstruction
  • OVH
  • Cystitis
  • Dx arthroscopy + laparoscopy
  • Oseoarthritis
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33
Q

Examples of mild to moderate pain

A
  • Dental disease
  • Otitis
  • Superficial lacerations
  • Mild cystitis
  • Chest drains
  • Abscess lancing
  • Castration
34
Q

Hyperalgesia

A
  • Exaggerated or prolonged response to noxious stimulus
35
Q

Allodynia

A
  • Pain response to normally innocuous stimulus
36
Q

Rabbit diet + digestion

A
  • Require hay/grass-based diet, diet correction mandatory - bacterial flora normalises slowly - probiotics not as effective
  • Will take starchy food if offered
  • 40% of energy from VFAs absorbed across caecal epithelium
  • Caecotrophs - (formed after fermentation in caecum) - provide microbial protein, approx 10% energy requirement, all B + K vits + VFAs
  • Caecotrophs eaten (large no. if diet low protein or high fibre)
  • Won’t get cold as quickly, don’t starve for anaesthesia - VFAs in caecum, dripping small amounts of energy in bloodstream. Anaesthetics starts 4 - 6 w prior to ensure gut bacteria prepared
37
Q

Effect of starch consumption (rabbit)

A
  • Some starch digested in SI
  • Excess starch dumped in caecum
  • Rabbits have fast GIT transit time -> fast fermentation, dysbiosis, pathogenic bacteria overgrowth
  • If give starch based food - digestion becomes similar to monogastric
  • Clostridial growth - building up pockets of nasty bacteria - when rabbit has problem later - gut flora wiped out, clostridia resistant, no competition -> production of toxins -> sudden death
38
Q

Ileus - gut stasis (rabbit)

A
  • 2y to: pain, fear, diet change, other disease (dental, MSK)
  • Large amount of fluid into abdo/intestine -> dehydration
  • Only will see caecotrophs when animal unwell + smear on backside = small, firm indigestible droppings
39
Q

Diarrhoea (rabbit)

A
  • True D+ = medical emergency, vast majority will die
  • Normally young rabbit
  • Most D+ cases = caked caecotrophs
  • Cause: flystrike, skin ulceration - DIET, teeth - cannot physically pick up droppings + swallow/pain - slower fusus coli (digestion pace maker), heart disease - too weak to turn around + clean self, older rabbits - spinal pain + hip arthritis, lazy male rabbit
40
Q

Bonding (rabbit)

A
  • Pairs/threes - protection needed for prey species, keep in groups for clinical procedures, improves recovery
41
Q

Neutering (rabbit)

A
  • Female = 6 - 9 m/o
  • Male = > 10 - 16 w
  • Reduce aggression, spraying, some fighting
  • Eliminate uterine adenocarcinoma risk
  • Inc success of bonding
  • Anaesthesia + surgical risks
42
Q

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

A
  • V common, but not common cause of disease, bad breeding background
  • Concurrent disease - had for long time then see as renal disease presentation
  • Zoonosis - dangerous to O, end up w/ spores on hands, wear gloves
  • Obligate intracellular protozoal parasite
  • Uterine spread - 4 w survival of spores
  • Granulomatous inflam in liver, kidneys, CNS - infection on nerve, lungs, heart
  • CS - depends where the microsporidia end up
  • Dx - serology - +ive/-ive of IgM/IgG - only tells you about exposure
43
Q

Rabbit anaesthesia considerations

A
  • Stress free for prey species
  • Ensure preoperative nutrition is good as possible - gut bacteria
  • Provide good analgesia - use NSAIDs early to see effect + monitor + manage BP
  • Prokinetics if needed
  • Good induction to Sx plane of anaesthesia - lidocaine + pre-oxygenate - ensure no reaction to stimulus
  • Manage airway w/ face mask, supraglottic airway device or ET tube/V-gel (pharyngeal ariway)
  • Monitor temp
  • Tend to under-ventilate - provide IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) or w/ ventilator + monitor CO2 to prevent hypercapnia (capnograph)
  • Blood pressure
  • Pulse ox - anything under SpO2 94% issue
  • Stress free recovery w/ adequate analgesia
  • Back w/ partner rabbit ASAP
44
Q

Hypercapnia (rabbit)

A
  • Smaller thorax : abdo vol ratio, + obligate nasal breathers, + common occurrence of pre-existing URT disease - compromising airway patency
  • Poor husbandry - dusty/mouldy conditions -> U/LRT
  • Diaphragm arches caudodorsally so liver, stomach and/or caecum can collapse or put pressure on caudal lung lobes when rabbit is positioned for Sx (dorsal recum)
  • Ventilation : pefusion mismatch - shallow breathing - prey species when stressed, not getting air into alveoli for gas exchange - CO2 will be raised before giving drugs
  • Stress/fear can reduce resp rate or depth under v light anaesthetic depth
45
Q

Airway management - adv of face mask

A
  • Quick/easy to use
  • Clinicians experienced w/ use
46
Q

Airway management - disadv of face mask

A
  • Volatile agent leakage, contamination of environment, health + safety risk
  • Does not protect airway
  • Suboptimal anaesthesia - due to gas leaks
  • Difficult/cannot use w/ capnograph
  • Cannot use for dental procedures
47
Q

Airway management - adv of v-gel (rabbit)

A
  • Easy/fast placement
  • Wide airway - coming over top of larynx, not narrowing the airway
  • Doesn’t touch arytenoids
  • Blind placement makes insertion easier
  • Prevents issues related to upper airway obstruction
48
Q

Airway management - disadv of v-gel (rabbit)

A
  • Larger device than ET tube - can inc dead space = make dental access difficult
  • Pharyngeal access impossible - have IV cannula place, sedatives pre-med IV, medetomidine, actively going to sleep, face mask on + ventilate, then try v-gel - if pharynx working against, give break + breath of O2 + try again
  • Can dislodge + needed ongoing monitoring
  • Doesn’t prevent laryngeal spasm
49
Q

Airway management - adv of ET tube

A
  • Prevents aiway obstruction from laryngeal spasm
  • Prevents upper airway obstruction
  • Slim structure makes dental access, oral access + pharyngeal access easier
  • Slim structure reduces dead space
50
Q

Airway management - disadv of ET tube

A
  • Narrow diameter inc airway resistance to breathing
  • Can cause laryngeal, tracheal trauma - damage to ciliated epithelia, get ripped off, takes 10 - 14 d to heal -> inc risk of LRT infections
  • Difficult to place - small rabbits
  • Tubes can kink of block
  • Does not prevent prevent bronchospasm
51
Q

Clinical signs of dental disease - pain (rabbit)

A
  • Reduced appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Behaviour change or food choice change
  • Dribbling/hypersalivation
  • Polydipsia - inc drinking to reduce pain by cold water
  • Epiphora
52
Q

Clinical signs of dental disease - loss of function (rabbit)

A
  • Poor grooming ability
  • Reduced activity due to muscle weakness
  • Inc caecotrophs
  • Urine scale (unable to keep fur in good condition)
  • Epiphora (tear overflow) - reserve crown changes in maxilla - affects nasolacrimal duct
  • Sneezing/URT disease - reserve crown changes in maxilla
53
Q

Congenital dental disease (rabbit)

A
  • Genetic - Netherland dwarfs - imbalanced growth of mandible + maxilla
  • Short maxilla
  • Severe incisor malocclusion
  • Young rabbits
54
Q

Acquired dental disease (rabbit)

A
  • Root (reserve crown) disease
  • Eruption of teeth ventrally/dorsally - once new bone formed, always going to be there
  • Inadequate dietary fibre = ad lib pellets/muesli + minimal hay/grass consumption
  • Metabolic bone disease = dietary calcium deficiency +/- vit D deficiency due to insufficient year round exposure to natural light
  • Genetic predisposition - dwarf + lop over-represented - imbalance in jaw growth
  • Incisor malocclusion - manifestation of a whole mouth problem - eruption of teeth ventrally/dorsally - cause trauam to cheek/tongue
55
Q

Dental disease pain (rabbit)

A
  • Overgrowth of reserve crowns -> pain
  • Pain prevents proper grinding movements of crown surfaces + retrograde root growth into surrounding bone
56
Q

Polydipsia DDx (rabbit)

A
  • Kidney disease
  • Psychogenic e.g. chronic pain
  • Liver disease
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Sepsis
  • Neoplasia
  • Cystitis/Urolith
  • Diabetes mellitus
57
Q

Hind limb paresis DDx (rabbit)

A
  • E. cuniculi
  • Spondylosis
  • Degenerative disc disease
  • Arthritis
  • Trauma/spinal Fx
  • Neoplasia
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Splay leg
  • Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
  • Toxin ingestion (e.g. lead)
58
Q

Mid-abdo pain DDx (rabbit)

A
  • Gut stasis (ileus)
  • Neoplasia
  • GIT infection
  • Mild bloat
59
Q

Weight loss DDx (rabbit)

A
  • Kidney disease
  • Chronic pain (reduced appetite)
  • Neoplasia
  • GIT worms
  • Liver disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Infection
  • Stress e.g. bullying
60
Q

Sludgy bladder (rabbit)

A
  • Excess of mineral buildup in urine -> CaCO3 (calcite) + calcium oxalate uroliths
  • CS - Straining to urinate, blood in urine, depressed, painful (hunched), bladder enlarged + turgid, urinating small amounts more freq or dribbling
  • Hx - diet/mineral supplementation (high ca + oxalate), reduced water intake, obesity, urine retention (stress/arthritic pain)
  • Dx - radiographs, blood in urine on dipstick
61
Q

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)

A
  • High mortality
  • RHD 1 = sudden death
  • RHD 2 = fatal within 1 - 2 w
62
Q

Rebreathing in rabbits (canography)

A
  • Rebreathing in rabbits - if not enough ‘puff’, small lung space in rabbits
  • Sucking air back in that just breathed out
  • When breathe out not able to clear out all gas breathed in
  • CO2 inc
  • Line not returning to 0
  • Normal finding
  • Use ventilator - face mask to actively ventilate lungs
63
Q

Head tilt (rabbit)

A
  • Middle ear disease - flush ear w/ sterile saline - see improvement
  • E.g. Ear wax build up in ear -> pressure on nerves -> vestibular signs
  • Dx - MRI / CT
64
Q

Hyperthyroid cat

A
  • Hx - older, inc appetite + weight loss, poor coat condition, inc aggression
  • CE - weight loss, poor coat condition, palpable goitre, tachycardia, heart murmur
  • Hypertension
  • Inc ALT + ALP
  • Inc Total T4
65
Q

Chronic renal failure (cat)

A
  • Hx - older, PUPD, dec appetite, less activity
  • CE - bradycardia, weight loss
  • Inc protein on dipstick
  • Dec USG
  • Inc BUN, inc serum creatinine, inc TP
  • Dec lymphocytes, inc monocytes
  • Radiographs, US, urine protein : creatinine, urine culture
66
Q

Diabetes mellitus (cat)

A
  • Hx - older, PUPD, inc appetite, pot weight loss, less inclined to groom
  • CE - QAR, overweight (but loss of muscle mass), lacklustre coat
  • Elevated glucose
67
Q

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) (dog)

A
  • Hx - older, chronic weight loss, loose stools, inc appetite (polyphagia)
  • CE - tacky mm, mild skin tent (mild dehydration), poor coat quality, low BCS - weight loss inc nutrient loss, loose faecal material
  • Dec cholesterol
  • cTLI (Serum Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity) dec, <2. 5 μg/L)
68
Q

Small intestine bacterial infection

A
  • Dec cobalamin
  • Inc folate = upper SI
  • Dec folate = lower SI
68
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s) (dog)

A
  • Hx - PUPD, polyphagia, weight gain - pot-bellied, distended abdo, dec activity
  • CE - tense abdo on palp, no mass, weight gain
  • Inc protein
  • Dec USG
  • Inc ALT, inc ALP, inc GGT
  • Inc glucose
  • Dec T4
  • Stress leucogram (inc lymphocytes, inc monocytes, in neutrophils)
  • US - accum of fat in abdomen - liver enlargement
  • Inc cortisol pre (> 25 - 125 nmol/L) + post ACTH (125 - 520 nmol/L)
69
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s) (dog)

A
  • Low or below normal basal cortisol levels w/ little or no inc post-stimulation
70
Q

Flea anaemia (cat)

A
  • Hx - neonate, weak, cold, dehydrated
  • CE - tachycardia, systolic heart murmur, pale mm, CRT > 2s, weak peripheral pulses + thready, hypothermic, skin tent (dehydration), visible flea infestation + flea dirt - signs of regn anaemia
  • Inc ALP
  • Dec RBCs, dec PCV, dec Hb, dec Hct, inc MCV
  • Blood smear - polychromasia, nucleated RBC, reticulocytes, no parasites - regen process
71
Q

Feline hepatic lipidosis

A
  • Hx - overweight -> lost weight, inappetent, V+, lethargy
  • CE - QAR, poor coat quality, icteric mm, pendulous abdo, enlarged liver, muscle wasting along dorsum
  • Inc bilirubin, inc ALT, inc ALT
  • US - diffuse hyperechoic parenchyma of liver
  • Definitive Dx from FNA/histopathology of liver
72
Q

Ruptured splenic neoplasia (dog)

A
  • Hx - acute onset collapse, unable to stand
  • CE - Recumbent, but responsive, tachycardia, pale pink mm, CRT > 2 s, weak + thready peripheral pulse, generalised pain + discomfort of abdo on palp, mild distension - pos fluid thrill on ballottement, unable to stand w/ no pain on limb palp + normal spinal reflexes + normal limb tone
  • Inc ALP, inc urea
  • Dec Hct, dec Hb, dec MPV (mean platelet vol), dec RBC
  • US - free abdo fluid, few hyperechoic cavitated lesions in liver, masses on spleen - haemangiosarcoma, bleeding into peritoneal cavity
  • BMBT - normal
73
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy (dog)

A
  • Hx - large breed, dec activity
  • CE - systolic heart murmur
  • Inc NT-ProBNP biomarker
  • Echocardiogram - dilation of L ventricle in systole + diastole + evidence of systolic dysfunc, normal mitral valve leaflet morphology, inc end systolic vol, dec ejection fraction + dec fractional shortening L partial dilation + mild mitral regurgitation
  • ECG - pos arrhythmia
74
Q

IMHA (dog)

A
  • Hx - exercise intolerance, weakness, lethargy
  • CE - QAR, pale + yellow mm - icteric, tachycardia, tachypnoea
  • Blood smear - polychromasia (reticulocytosis) (anaemia), spherocytosis (immune-mediated disease), immature nucleated RBCs
  • Dec PCV
  • Inc liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST)
  • Hyperbilirubinarmia
  • Slide agglutination positive - Coomb’s positive
  • Exclude Leishmania/Ehrlichia/Babesua by serology/PCR
75
Q

Atrial fibrillation (dog)

A
  • Hx - excessive panting, prolonged cough - dry + non-productive + not associated w/ exercise, lethargy, perivulvar erythema/clear serous discharge from vulva
  • CE - pale pink mm, tachycardia, arrhythmia, systolic murmur, pulse quality diminished, variable pulse deficits, incessant panting, harsh bilateral bronchovesicular lung sounds
  • Radio - enlarged cardiac silhouette, inc VHS, bulge at LA, angling upwards of caudal VC, prominent pul vasculature, pul congestion, interstitial pattern - pul oedema, peribronchial pattern on lung fields
  • Echocardiogram - dilation of LA, globoid appearance of heart, mitral valve leaflets distorted
  • ECG - flutter of p-wave/irregular - atria cannot contract -> poor ventricular filling
  • Inc cardiac troponin
76
Q

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (dog)

A
  • Hx - large breed, hind leg lameness + stiffness, exacerbated w/ exercise
  • CE - inc BCS/overweight, partial weight bearing, muscle wasting, difficulty rising, pain to hind limb
  • Radio - OA, loss of radiolucent triangular fat pad caudal to patellar ligament, periarticular osteophytes
  • +ive cranial draw test
77
Q

Peripheral idiopathic vestibular syndrome (dog)

A
  • Hx - onset ataxia, wobbly, head tilt -> circling
  • CE - QAR, ataxia, circling, positional strabismus, rotatory nystagmus, proprioceptive + spinal reflexes intact
  • Otoscopy - NAD
  • Pos CT of inner ear - NAD
78
Q

Intervertberal disc disease

A
  • Hx - acute onset neck pain, progressive R-sided neurological deficits
  • CE - QAR, low head posture carriage w/ myoclonus (twitching) of neck muscles, tetraparetic, R > L no CN deficits, hopping deficits, conscious proprioception diminished, +ive myotaticreflexes in all limbs, deep pain in all limbs, panniculus reflex present
  • CSF analysis for exclusion
  • CT - disc extrusion
  • MRI
79
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei infection (dog)

A
  • Hx - intense progressive pruritus, alopecia, erythematous papular, crusting rash, dorsal aspect of head - pinna, feet, axillae, groin + ventrum, pot kennelling
  • CE - Erythematous, papular, crusting rash with alopecia and evidence of self-
    excoriation
  • Skin scrap - mites
  • Skin cyto - pos 2y bacterial infection, inc neutrophils, inc eosinophils, intracellular coci
  • Sarcoptes Ab ELISA
80
Q

Atopy (dog)

A
  • Hx - progressive pruritus, flea + worming Tx
  • CE - erythema and papules noted in the axilla, groin and interdigital areas, no evidence of ectoparasites, bilateral otitis external
  • Dermatological exam negative - skin scrapes, hair pluck, tape cyto, coat brushings
  • Allergy testing - intradermal test, serology, diet trial

AAA Companion Animal VMS4005 (17 decks)

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