Demography - Globalisation and Migration Flashcards
What is globalisation?
The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across natural boundaries
What is globalisation the result of? (5)
Growth of communication systems
Growth of global media
Creation of global markets
Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
Expansion of EU
What do many people see globalisation as producing?
Rapid social changes such as increased international migration
Trend in rate of immigration
It has been speeding up
What did the percentage of international migration increase by between 2000 and 2013 according to the United Nations?
33% to reach 3.2% of world’s population
4 types of migrant
Permanent settlers
Temporary workers
Spouses
Forced migrants
What is increasing diversity of migrant types (with a fact included)?
Globalisation. UK in 2014 there were more Chinese-born postgraduate students than UK-born
Where did immigration to the UK come from before 1990s?
A narrow range of former British colonies
Since the 1990s, what has globalisation led to according to Vertovec? How? (Diversity)
Led to ‘super diversity’ as migrants now come from much wider range of countries and have different cultures, religions and societies in each ethnic group
What three types of migrant did Cohen come up with?
Citizens
Denizens
Helots
What are citizens according to Cohen?
Migrants with full citizenship rights that the government has constantly made harder to acquire since 1970s
What are denizens according to Cohen?
Privileged foreign national migrants welcomed by the state
What are helots according to Cohen?
Most exploited migrant group who are treated like slaves in unskilled, poorly paid jobs
What gender are over half of all global migrants?
Female
Globalisation of the gender division of labour
Female migrants find themselves fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s roles as carers and providers of sexual services
Who is care, domestic and sex work increasingly done by in Western countries according to Ehrenreich and Hochchild?
Female immigrants from poorer countries
Care, domestic and sex work in Western countries is increasingly done by women from poorer countries. What does this result in according to Ehrenreich and Hochchild?
Expansion of service occupations resulting in increasing demand for female labour
Western women in labour force less willing to perform domestic labour
Western men remaining unwilling to perform domestic labour
Failure of state to produce adequate childcare
What percentage of adult care nurses in UK are migrants. What gender?
40%. Mostly female
What do migrant women enter western countries as which reflects gendered and racialised stereotypes?
‘Mail order’ brides
What type of illegal workers do some migrant women enter the UK as?
Illegally trafficked sex workers
Hybrid identities
Identities consisting of two or more difference sources
How may some people react to migrants with hybrid identities?
They may challenge their identity claims or accuse them of not ‘fitting in’
What has globalisation created according to Eriksen?
More diverse migrant patterns
With modern technology making it possible to sustain global ties without having to travel, what identities to some migrants adopt?
Transnational identities
What are migrants less likely to see themselves as due to globalisation?
As belonging completely to one culture or country
What issue have migrants become?
An important political issue
What policies do states now have about migration?
Policies to control immigration, absorb migrants into society and to deal with diversity
What policies are immigration policies linked to?
National security and anti-terrorism
Assimilationism
First state policy approach to immigration. Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of host culture
Who may disagree with assimilationist policies?
Migrants with hybrid identities as they may not be willing to abandon their culture
What does multiculturalism accept?
It accepts that migrants may not want to retain a separate culture identoty
What two types of diversity did Eriksen come up with and what are they?
Shallow diversity - acceptable to state such as making tikka masala Britain’s national dish
Deep diversity - not acceptable to state such as arranged marriage
What do critics say that multicultural education policies celebrate?
Shallow diversity while failing to address deeper problems such a racism
Since 9/11, what have many politicians done?
They have swung back towards demanding that migrants assimilate culturally
What did France make illegal in 2010?
Veiling the face in public
How does Castles describe assimilationist policies? (2 criticisms)
Can lead to minorities responding by emphasising their differences
Breeds further marginalisation
What may assimilationist ideas encourage workers to do?
To blame migrants for social problems
5 effects of globalisation
More immigration from EU
More undocumented workers
More asylum seekers
Greater cultural diversity
Changing families
What percentage of all immigrants did EU immigrants make up in 2014?
38%
How many undocumented workers are there according to the Home Office?
500,000 - 800,000
Where are asylum seekers often held?
In immigration detention centres (prisons)
How did the Chief Inspector of Prisons describe immigration detention centres?
As showing ‘a shocking lack of humanity’
What have many UK nationals (particularly young families) left to UK to do?
Seek new job opportunities
What are 43% of people emigrating from the UK according to the Home Office?
British nationals
What is the age range of most of the 43% of people emigrating from the UK?
25-44
What has globalisation led to for m/c families?
Globalisation has led to greater migration of m/c families
What is the impact of greater migration of m/c families to other nations?
Impacted on those that have been left behind E.g. grandparents and extended family
What has there been a decline in since the early 1980s and what has this changed?
Decline in employment in manufacturing sectors which has changed employment sector in UK
According to the Office of National Statistics, in 2018 what were the largest sectors of employment on the UK? What does this highlight?
Retail, health and social work, and administrative work. Highlights feminisation of UK workforce
How does the feminisation of the UK workforce impact families?
Changes gender roles with increase of dual earner families
What percentage of mothers are working in the UK?
75%
Impact of increase in dual earner families
Impacts domestic division of labour and decision making in the family
What argument contrasts with increase in dual earner families impacting domestic division of labour?
Could be argued that men still retain most of economic power in family and that gender roles remain quite fixed in some social classes
What were people from Asian backgrounds less likely to do according to the 2011 Census?
People from Asian backgrounds less likely to live alone than any other ethnic group
What household type has increased due to economic migration into UK and overseas students?
Lone person households
How many overseas students came to the UK to study in 2018?
217,000
What has there been a greater demand for due to an increase in overseas students to the UK?
Student flats and apartments
What remains the most common family type, despite increased migration?
Couples
Migrants from where contributed to the new ‘baby boom’ in the 2000s?
Eastern Europe
Why did migrants from Eastern Europe bring about a new ‘baby boom’ in the 2000s?
Because they tend to have larger families
Why has globalisation meant that there are more global family networks according to Chambers?
Because migrants in the UK try to maintain relationships and send money to their families in other countries
What is the minimum income requirement (wage per year) before British citizens can bring in their non-British, non-EU partners and children?
£18,600
Consequence of minimum income requirement
Separated husbands and wives meaning that children grow up separated from one of their parents (type of lone parenthood)
