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Sociology - Families > Demography - Deaths > Flashcards

Demography - Deaths Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Death rate definition

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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2
Q

Death rate in 1900

A

19

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3
Q

Death rate in 2012

A

8.9

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4
Q

Why did the death rate rise during the 1930s and 40s?

A

Because it was the period of the Great Depression, followed by WW2

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5
Q

Trend in death rate since 1950s

A

It has been in decline

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6
Q

What was over 3/4 of the decline in death rate from 1850 to 1970 due to?

A

A fall in the number of deaths from infectious disease

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7
Q

What generation were infectious diseases the most common reason for death?

A

The younger generations

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8
Q

What generations do ‘diseases of affluence’ affect that most?

A

Middle and older generations

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9
Q

What does McKeown believe to account for up to half the reduction in death rate?

A

Improved nutrition

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10
Q

What was improved nutrition partly important in reducing according to McKeown?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

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11
Q

What does better nutrition increase according to McKeown?

A

Increases resistance to infection and increases survival chances of those who have been infected

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12
Q

What two things does McKeown fail to explain?

A
  1. Why females, who receive a smaller share of the family food supply, live longer than men
  2. Why deaths from some infectious diseases actually rose at a time of improving nutrition
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13
Q

What helped to reduce death rates after the 1950s?

A

Improved medical knowledge, techniques and organisations

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14
Q

Improved medical factors after 1950s

A

Introduction of antibiotics
Immunisation
Blood transfusion
Improved maternity services
NHS (1948)

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15
Q

What has reduced deaths from heart disease by 33% recently?

A

Improved medication, bypass surgery and other developments

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16
Q

What has the greatest fall in death rates in recent decades come from according to Harper?

A

The reduction is the number of people smoking

17
Q

Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1971

A

Made it illegal for tobacco companies to advertise cigarettes of TV and radio

18
Q

What became illegal on 1st July 2007?

A

It became illegal to smoke on any pub, restaurant, nightclub and most workplaces in the UK

19
Q

What has increased dramatically and replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic in the 21st century?

A

Obesity

20
Q

What has led to a range of improvements in public health and the quality of the environment in the 20th century?

A

More effective control and local government with the necessary powers to pass and enforce laws

21
Q

Improvements in public health and the quality of the environment

A

Improvements in housing
Purer drinking water
Laws to combat adulteration of food and drink
Pasteurisation of milk
Improved sewage disposal systems

22
Q

Adulteration

A

Act of intentionally degrading the quality of food or drink by either adding or replacing the substance with undeclared alternative components

23
Q

What did the Clean Air Act reduce?

A

Air pollution

24
Q

What has reduced the rate of transmission of infection?

A

Smaller family sizes

25
Q

What has allowed people to establish healthier lifestyles?

A

Higher incomes

26
Q

What does life expectancy refer to?

A

How long an average person born in a specific year is expected to live

27
Q

What has happened to life expectancy since death rats have fallen?

A

It has increased

28
Q

Life expectancy of males and females born in 1900 in England

A

Males 50
Females 57

29
Q

Life expectancy of males and females born in 2018 in England

A

Males 79
Females 83

30
Q

Increase in life expectancy during past 2 decades

A

Increased by about 2 years per decade

31
Q

What will we soon achieve according to Harper?

A

‘Radical longevity’ with way more ‘centurions’

32
Q

Women usually live longer than men however this gap has narrowed. Why?

A

Due to changes in employment and in lifestyle (E.g. more women smoking)

33
Q

What does Walker believe about those living in the poorest areas of England?

A

They die on average 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas

Sociology - Families (27 decks)

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