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Sociology - Families > Childhood - How has the Position of Children Improved? > Flashcards

Childhood - How has the Position of Children Improved? Flashcards

1
Q

March of progress view of the position of children

A

Position of children in western societies has been gradually improving and it better than it has ever been today

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2
Q

Two sociologists who believe in the march of progress view

A

Ariès and Shorter

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3
Q

Why is the position of children better than that of children in previous generations according to Ariès and Shorter? (5 reasons)

A

Children are:
-More valued
-Better cared for
-Better educated
-Healthier
-Have more rights

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4
Q

What has led to lower IMR?

A

Better healthcare

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5
Q

What can parents afford to do as result of higher living standards and smaller family sizes?

A

Afford to provide for their children’s needs properly

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6
Q

Average cost of raising child to age of 18 in UK

A

£150,000 - £200,000

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7
Q

What has the family became more according to march of progress sociologists?

A

More child-centred

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8
Q

Why has the family become more child-centred?

A

Because parents invest more emotionally and financially into their children than ever before

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9
Q

Who developed the idea of toxic childhood?

A

Palmer

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10
Q

What does Palmer’s toxic childhood suggests about childhood which is different to march of progress view?

A

It isn’t better than it has ever been

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11
Q

What has been damaged in the last 25 years due to rapid technological and cultural changes according to Palmer’s toxic childhood?

A

Children’s emotional, physical and intellectual development

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12
Q

Examples of technological and cultural changes

A

Junk food
Intensive marketing to children
Computer games
Long hours worked by parents
Growing pressure on educational testing

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13
Q

What do UK youths have above rates in international league tables of? (Palmer’s toxic childhood)

A

Obesity
Self-harm
Drug/alcohol abuse
Violence
Early sexual experience
Teenage pregnancies

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14
Q

Out of 21 countries, what did UNICEF put the UK at following a report on Well-being of the Child?

A

16/21

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15
Q

What do conflict sociologists (Marxists and feminists) argue society is based on?

A

Conflict between different social groups as some groups having more wealth, status and power than others

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16
Q

What is the march of progress view based on according to conflict sociologists?

A

False and idealised images that ignore inequalities

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17
Q

Two reasons why conflict sociologists criticise the march of progress view

A

Inequalities among children are ignored
Inequalities between children and adults are ignored

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18
Q

4 types of inequalities among children

A

Cultural
Gender
Ethnic
Classm

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19
Q

Where are 90% of lowest body-weight babies born? (Cultural differences among children)

A

Developing countries

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20
Q

What are boys more likely to be able to do unaccompanied from a younger age than girls according to Hillman? (Gender differences among children)

A

Cross or cycle on roads
Use buses
Go out after dark

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21
Q

Following a study of 15-16 year olds, what are Asian parents more likely to be according to Brannen? (Ethnic differences among children)

A

More likely to be strict to their daughters than other parents

22
Q

What could be a restriction of childhood according to Bhatti? (Ethnic differences among children)

A

Ideas of izzat

23
Q

Izzit

A

Concept of honour mostly in North Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi cultures

24
Q

What babies are poor mothers more likely to have? (Class differences among children)

A

Low body-weight babies

25
Q

What are children born into poorer families more likely to do? (Class differences among children)

A

Die during infancy or childhood

26
Q

What are many of the things that march of progress sociologists see as protection and care a new form of according to Firestone and Holt?

A

A new form of oppression and control

27
Q

What is protection of children from paid work a form of according to Firestone?

A

Inequality

28
Q

What is protection of children from paid work a way of making children according to Firestone?

A

Making children more dependent, powerless and subject to adult control

29
Q

Child liberationalism

A

View that children need to be freed from adult control

30
Q

What extreme form can adult control over children take?

A

Extreme form of physical neglect or physical/sexual abuse

31
Q

How many children were subject to the Child Protection Plan in 2022?

A

50,920

32
Q

How many children were subject to the Child Protection Plan in 2013?

A

43,000

33
Q

How many calls does Child Line receive a year from children saying they have been sexually or physically abused?

A

20,000

34
Q

Examples of how children’s movements in industrial societies are highly regulated

A

Shops may display signs like “no schoolchildren” or “only 2 schoolchildren allowed at once”

35
Q

What percentage of primary school children were allowed to travel to and from school alone in 1971?

A

86%

36
Q

What percentage of primary school children were allowed to travel to and from school alone in 2010?

A

25%

37
Q

Examples of how adults control children’s daily routines

A

Adults control time children wake up, eat, go to school and sleep

38
Q

3 ways in which adults control their children’s bodies

A

Control his they look
Control how their touch their own bodies
Touch their children’s bodies when they want (E.g. they wash them, pick them up and cuddle them)

39
Q

Why are children economically dependent on adults?

A

Because children’s opportunities to earn money are limited

40
Q

Who do state child benefits go to?

A

Parents, instead of children

41
Q

How is pocket money a way in which scuffs control children’s access to money?

A

Pocket money may be given by parents due to good behaviour
Parents will control what the money is spent on

42
Q

Who developed idea of age patriarchy?

A

Gittins

43
Q

What does the age patriarchy state?

A

There are inequalities between children and adults due to adult domination and child dependency

44
Q

Definition of patriarchy

A

Rule by the father

45
Q

How is father power present?

A

In form of violence against children and women

46
Q

According to a study of 200 women who left abusive partners by Humphreys and Thiara, what was the reason for 25% of them?

A

Fears for children’s lives

47
Q

According to Hockey and James, how do children resist the status of child?

A

By acting like adults through activities such as drinking, smoking and swearing

48
Q

What is childhood according to Hockey and James?

A

A concept that most children want to escaped

49
Q

What do critics of child liberationalist view argue about some adult control over children?

A

It is justified on grounds that children can’t make rational choices so are unable to safeguard themselves

50
Q

What does the ‘new sociology of childhood’ see children as?

A

Active agents who play a major part in creating their own childhood, instead of children being adults in the making

51
Q

How do children play an active role in divorce according to Smart et al?

A

By trying to make the situation better

Sociology - Families (27 decks)

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