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Sociology - Families > Demography - Births > Flashcards

Demography - Births Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of birth rate

A

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

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2
Q

Trends in birth rate since 1900

A

It’s been in long term decline

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3
Q

What was the birth rate in 1900?

A

28.7

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4
Q

What was the birth rate in 2014?

A

12.2

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5
Q

Total fertility rate definition

A

Average number of children women will have during their fertile years

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6
Q

Fertile years of women

A

15-44

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7
Q

Total fertility rate in 2001

A

1.63

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8
Q

Total fertility rate in 2021

A

1.61

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9
Q

Reasons for low total fertility rate

A

More women remaining childless
Postponing having children (due to factors such as career aspirations)

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10
Q

Average age of mother at childbirth in 2019

A

30.7

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11
Q

Stillbirth (child dying at birth) rate in 2020

A

Reached a record low with 3.8 per 1000 total births

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12
Q

4 reasons for decline in birth rate

A
  1. Changes in women’s position
  2. Decline in infant mortality rate
  3. Children now an economic liability
  4. Child centredness
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13
Q

What factors have contributed to the changes in women’s positions? (6)

A

Legal rights
Education
More women in paid employment with equal rights
Easier access to divorce
Birth control and abortion
Changes in women’s attitudes

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14
Q

Why do many women delay childbearing?

A

To peruse a career

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15
Q

What does Harper believe to be the most important reason for long term fall in birth and fertility rates?

A

Education

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16
Q

What fraction of women aged 45 were childless on 2012?

A

1/5

17
Q

What are educated women more likely to do?

A

-Use family planning
-See other possibilities

18
Q

Infant mortality rate definition

A

Number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year

19
Q

What does Harper believe the fall in IMR leads to?

A

Fall in birth rate

20
Q

What was the IMR in UK in 1900?

A

154

21
Q

What was the UK IMR in 2018?

A

3.8

22
Q

What factors contributed to the fall in the UK IMR during the second half of the 1900s? (6)

A

Improved housing
Better nutrition
Better health care
Better knowledge of hygiene
Fall in number of married women working (more care goes into children)
Improved services, antenatal and postnatal

23
Q

What were children until the late 19th century?

A

Economic assets - meaning child labour would make families money

24
Q

What laws made children dependent on parents for longer?

A

Banning child labour, compulsory education and raising school leaving age

25
Q

What changing norms have made children economic liabilities?

A

Children should expect to be fed three meals a day, provided shelter, provided clothes etc from their parents which costs money

26
Q

What is childhood now socially constructed as (child-centredness)?

A

A uniquely important period of the individuals life

27
Q

What shift has childhood being socially constructed encouraged (child-centredness)?

A

A shift from quantity of children to quality

28
Q

Three effects of changes in fertility

A
  1. The family
  2. The dependency ratio
  3. Public services and policies
29
Q

Result of smaller families for women

A

They are more likely to be free to go to work which creates the dual earner couple

30
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Relationship between working and non-working parts of the population

31
Q

What does having less children reduce?

A

The ‘burden of dependency’

32
Q

How does having less children reduce the ‘burden of dependency’?

A

Because children make up a large part of the dependent population

33
Q

Why will the burden of dependency possibly increase in the long term?

A

Because there will be a smaller working population

34
Q

Why is the average age of the population rising?

A

Because women are having fewer babies

Sociology - Families (27 decks)

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