Degenerative Brain Disease Flashcards
what are the three degenerative diseases
multiple sclerosis
motor neuron disease
parkinson’s disease
what is multiple sclerosis
changes to myelin sheath to nerve axons connecting different parts of the brain - due to an inflammatory change
what are features of multiple sclerosis on MRIs
patchy distribution
what causes multiple sclerosis
genetic predisposition
unclear if it is infective or environmental
what are symptoms of multiple sclerosis
muscle weakness
visual disturbance
paraesthesia
autonomic dysfunction
dysarthria
pain
balance/ hearing loss
what are signs of multiple sclerosis
muscle weakness
spasticity
altered reflexes
tremor
optic atrophy
loss of touch
how is multiple sclerosis investigated
MRI
CSF analysis
what are the two types of MS
relapsing and remitting type - patient has flare ups
primary progressive type - slow steady progressive deterioration
what is symptomatic treatment of MS
antibiotics, antispasmodics, analgesia, steroids, physiotherapy and OT
what drugs are available that slow down relapsing and remitting type MS
clardribine
siponomod
ocrelizumab
what treatment can be used for MS to reboot immune system
stem cell treatment
what aspects of MS can affect dental treatment
orofacial motor and sensory disturbance
enhanced trigeminal neuralgia risk
what is motor neuron disease
degeneration of motor nerves in anterior horns of corticospinal tracts in spinal cords
what are the features of MND
progressive loss of motor function in limbs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, motor cranial nerves 7-12
what is the most likely causes of death in MND
ventilation failure
aspiration pneumonia
what is the treatment for MND
no effective treatment
physiotherapy and OT
reduce aspiration
what are the dental aspects of MND
oral hygiene affected
muscle weakness in head and neck
drooling and swallowing difficulties
what medications can be used to dry up saliva
antichollinergics and botox into salivary glands
what is parkinson’s disease
lack of dopamine in substancia nigra of the brain
what causes parkinsons
repeated head trauma
lack of dopamine leads to difficulty in passing messages from cortex to cerebellum and brainstem
what are signs of parkinsons
bradykinesia
rigidity
tremor
what is bradkykinesia
slow movement and slow initiation of movement
what are motor implications of parkinsons
impaired gait and falls
impaired use of upper limbs
mask-like face
swallowing problems
what is the treatment for parkinsons
dopamine - levodopa
dopamine analogues (tablets, injections and infusion)
what can be a nasty side effect of drugs to treat parkinsons
compulsions
what surgery is available for parkinsons
stereotactic surgery
what dental affects are present in parkinsons
dry mouth - antichollinergics
drug interactions
