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BDS3 Diseases of Human Systems > Bone DIsease > Flashcards

Bone DIsease Flashcards

1
Q

what is arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

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2
Q

what is arthrosis

A

a non-inflammatory joint disease

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3
Q

what is arthralgia

A

joint pain

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4
Q

describe bone

A

mineralised connective tissue

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5
Q

what are the three features of bone

A

load bearing
dynamic
self repairing

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6
Q

what does dynamic mean with bone

A

bone is constantly changing and remodelling - allows bone to adapt

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7
Q

what is bone removed by

A

osteoclasts

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8
Q

what is bone deposited by

A

osteoblasts

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9
Q

what three substances are needed in the correct amount for bone remodelling

A

calcium
phosphate
vitamin D

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10
Q

what forms a store for calcium

A

bone

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11
Q

where does exchangeable calcium move from

A

from the bone to the ECF and eventually to the gut

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12
Q

how is calcium in the body lost

A

through the gut and through the urine

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13
Q

why is it so important for calcium to be kept at a constant level in the blood

A

calcium is involved in nerve and muscle function

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14
Q

what two aspects work to produce the correct location for calcium

A

bone and ECF work together and parathyroid hormone

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15
Q

what are the three main actions of parathyroid hormone

A

maintains serum calcium levels
increases calcium release from bone
reduces calcium excretion

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16
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism

A

low serum calcium

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17
Q

what is primary occurrence hyperparathyroidism

A

due to a gland dysfunction (tumour)
high serum calcium results

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18
Q

what is secondary occurrence hyperparathyroidism

A

low serum calcium causes parathyroid hormone to be high and activates osteoclasts in the bone to maintain serum calcium level

19
Q

what does hyperparathyroidism result in

A

increased bone resorption

20
Q

how is vitamin D produced

A

from sunlight to cholecalciferol in the skin

21
Q

what is the active component of vitamin D that is absorbed in the gut

A

dihydroxycolecalciferol

22
Q

what can cause patients to have decreased vitamin D levels

A

low sunlight exposure
poor GI absorption
drug interactions

23
Q

which drugs can interact and cause low vitamin D levels

A

antiepileptic drugs
carbamazepine, phenytoin

24
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

normal amounts of matrix but has not been mineralised correctly
poorly mineralised osteoid matrix
poorly mineralised cartilage growth plate

25
Q

what occurs if there is poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plate during bone formation

A

rickets

26
Q

what occurs if there is poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plate after bone formation completed

A

osteomalacia

27
Q

what is osteomalacia related to

A

calcium deficiency - serum calcium preserved at the expense of bone

28
Q

what are the bone effects of osteomalacia

A

bones bend under pressure
bow legs
vertebral compression in adults
bones ache to touch

29
Q

what are four effects of hypocalcaemia

A

muscle weakness
trosseau and chvostek signs positive
carpal muscle spasm
facial twitching from VII tapping

30
Q

how is osteomalacia treated

A

by correcting the cause
controlling GI disease and restoring adequate calcium to diet
sunlight exposure
dietary vitamin D

31
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

the loss of bone mineral and matrix giving a reduced bone mass
a reduced quantity of normally mineralised bone

32
Q

what are some risk factors for osteoporosis

A

age
female sex
endocrine
genetic

33
Q

what aspects of endocrine function could put you at higher risk of developing osteoporosis

A

osetrogen and testosterone deficiency
cushings syndrome

34
Q

what patient and medical factors can increase risk of osteoporosis

A

inactivity
smoking
excessive alcohol use
poor dietary calcium
steroid
antiepileptics

35
Q

what causes bone mass loss rate in women in the menopause to increase

A

oestrogen withdrawal

36
Q

what are effects of osteoporosis

A

increased bone fracture risk
height loss
kyphosis and scoliosis
nerve root compression

37
Q

how can osteoporosis be prevented

A

exercise
high dietary calcium intake
oestrogen hormone replacement therapy
osteoporosis prevention drugs - bisphosphonates

38
Q

what two ways can hormone replacement therapy occur

A

oestrogen only
combined

39
Q

what is the benefit of oestrogen only replacement drugs

A

reduces osteoporosis risk

40
Q

what are disadvantages of oestrogen only replacement drugs

A

increased breast cancer risk
increased endometrial cancer risk
increased DVT risk

41
Q

what are examples of non-nitrogenous bisphosphonates

A

etidronate
clodronate
tildronate

42
Q

what are examples of nitrogenous bisphosphonates

A

pamidronate
alendronate
olpadronate

43
Q

what is the effectiveness of bisphosphonates

A

reduces vertebral fracture
reduces other fractures
can be combined with HRT

benefit lost if drug is discontinued

BDS3 Diseases of Human Systems (13 decks)

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