Deck 8 Flashcards
sickle cell trait
symptoms shown by those possessing a heterozygous genotype for sickle cell anemia
polygenic inheritance
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
Epistasis
Two separate genes control one trait, but one gene masks the expression of the other gene
plietropy
single genes can affect multiple characteristics
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme
multifactorial
Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
norm of reaction
The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
autosomal chromosome
22 chromosome pairs that control traits NOT related to gender–same in females and males.
Autosome
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome.
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
Aneuploidy
Abnormal number of chromosomes
Progeria
condition of premature old age occuring in childhood
Nucleotide
in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
Transfer RNA
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Purine
double-ring nitrogenous base
Pyrimidine
single-ring nitrogenous base
tumor suppressor gene
a gene that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division
biological evolution
the change over time in populations of related organisms
Microevolution
evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.
Macroevolution
large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
heritable variation
differences that are passed on from parent to offspring
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
DNA replication
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.
semiconservative
method of replication that implies that each new strand of DNA is half original and half new
template strand
the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule
Primer
short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy
