Deck 5

Question 1

prokaryotic cell

Answer 1

small, simple, single-cell organisms; bacteria are the most prevalent kind. Do not contain a nucleus or any other organelle.

Question 2

protist

Answer 2

Single-celled eukaryote.

Question 3

ribosome

Answer 3

the molecular machines that use the instructions contained in the DNA to build all the proteins needed by the cell.

Question 4

vacuole

Answer 4

specialized mainly for storage. Their membranes do not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.

Question 5

vesicle

Answer 5

specialized for transport and some other functions. Their membranes can fuse with the plasma membrane, allowing them to empty their contents into the extracellular space. Also may fuse with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, allowing them to empty their contents into those organelles.

Question 6

endomembrane system

Answer 6

describes a set of membranous structures found in eukaryotic cells that are related to the synthesis, packaging, and distribution of cellular molecules. includes the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.

Question 7

glycolipid

Answer 7

role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues.

Question 8

integral protein

Answer 8

In order to carry out their functions, some proteins need to be embedded in the membrane. These proteins are called_____.

Question 9

peripheral protein

Answer 9

Proteins that are attached to the inner or outer surface of a membrane are called ____.

Question 10

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 10

the fabric of the membrane. The structure causes the membrane to be semipermeable. The hydrophobic core blocks the diffusion of hydrophilic ions and polar molecules. Small hydrophobic molecules and gases, which can dissolve in the membrane’s core, cross it with ease.

Question 11

sterol

Answer 11

used by some cells to maintain proper membrane fluidity.

Question 12

Active Transport

Answer 12

moving molecules against their concentration gradient. This is a non spontaneous process and requires the cell to do work to move the ions “uphill” against the concentration gradient. To do work, the cell must expend energy and actively move (pump)the ions.

Question 13

Concentration gradient

Answer 13

the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane.

Question 14

diffusion

Answer 14

The passing of molecules through the membrane into the cell.

Question 15

endocytosis

Answer 15

material is engulfed within an infolding of the plasma membrane and then brought into the cell within a cytoplasmic vesicle.

Question 16

exocytosis

Answer 16

an internal vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the outside.

Question 17

facilitated diffusion

Answer 17

The process of moving impermeable molecules across a membrane (down their concentration gradients) using channels or pores is referred to as _____ ________.

Question 18

osmosis

Answer 18

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Question 19

selective permeability

Answer 19

The cell membrane provides a semipermeable barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell. The phospholipid bilayer structure of the membrane allows selected ions and organic molecules to pass through the plasma membrane and regulates the movement of molecular substances.

Question 20

simple diffusion

Answer 20

both large and small molecules spontaneously move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration following random movements, referred to as Brownian motion.

Question 21

transport protein

Answer 21

a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism.

Question 22

anabolic reaction

Answer 22

any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more-complex molecules

Question 23

catabolic reaction

Answer 23

any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules

Question 24

cellular respiration

Answer 24

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

Question 25

Chlorophyll

Answer 25

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Question 26

Combustion

Answer 26

A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire

Question 27

Fermentation

Answer 27

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Question 28

metabolic pathway

Answer 28

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

Question 29

Photosynthesis

Answer 29

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Question 30

Pigment

Answer 30

A colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color.