deck 2- 25-50 Flashcards

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1
Q

True statements regarding pregnancies

A

1st trimester is the main period in which organs are formed; approx 8 weeks embryo is called a fetus; 5 weeks eyes, heart, liver, pancreas and limb buds have begun development; 1st trimester the embryo is most sensitive to drugs and radiation

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2
Q

what would break a disulfide bond

A

reducing conditions

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3
Q

helicase

A

enzyme capable of unwinding a DNA duplex; motor proteins that help unwind DNA

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4
Q

Ligase

A

ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small chemical group . involved in repairing discontinuities in DNA

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5
Q

phosphorylase

A

enzyme that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to an acceptor

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6
Q

dehydrogenase

A

A dehydrogenase is an enzyme belonging to the group of Oxidoreductases that oxidizes a substrate by a reduction reaction that transfers one or more hydrides to an electron acceptor, usually NAD⁺/NADP⁺ or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN. Redox reactions

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7
Q

3 facts about bacteria

A

bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi; pill are cellular appendages that are involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells is called conjugation; certain gram positive bacteria can form endospores which allow the bacteria to be resistant to hot, cold, chem, radiation and other environmental extremes

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8
Q

what’s in lymph nodes

A

B cells, T-cells, macrophages,

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9
Q

macrophages

A

contain fibril-like pseudopodia that can attach to a bacterium, larges phagocytic cells and will phagocytize bacteria; fixed macrophages are very numerous in organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes

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10
Q

neutrophils

A

average life span of a few days and tend to self destroy as foreign invaders are destroyed; make up about 60% of WBC

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11
Q

analogous structures

A

share no common ancestor but perform similar function

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12
Q

vestigial structure

A

structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function/

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13
Q

homologous structures

A

and organ or bone that appears in different animals underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating common decent

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14
Q

behavior: fixed action pattern

A

reflexes, these aren’t learned ;spiders spinning webs, animals flock together and fish swim together

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15
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

returns fluid and protein to the blood ; closely involved in removing excess fluid pathogens, dead blood cells and cellular debris from the cells and the tissue spaces between them

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16
Q

lymph

A

colorless, watery fluid that travels through the lymph system and carries lymphocytes

17
Q

sleen

A

organ that makes lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells and destroys blood cells

18
Q

cascade

A

a series of amplifying steps

19
Q

epinephrine

A

bing to a receptor and cause cascade which ultimately break down glycogen

20
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death ; can help sculpt hands and feet as well as eyes during embryonic development; cell dies and separation occurs.

21
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ (thickening of the uterus)

22
Q

atrophy

A

waste away, typically due to the degeneration of cell sir become vestigial during evolution

23
Q

aplasia

A

failure to develop; defective development

24
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of nutrients to provide energy

25
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds

26
Q

what enzyme activates adenyl cyclase in ATP–>cyclic AMP

A

epinephrine

27
Q

Vaccine characteristics

A

many vaccines are made from killed or weakened pathogens; vaccines may be made from toxic but inactivated by-products of dangerous organisms such as bacteria; vaccines represent strategies used to reduce risk of illness; vaccines are given for disease such as hep and made from viral fragments

28
Q

an attenuated vaccine

A

contains a version of the living microbe that has been weakened and modified in the lab.; the ability to induce protective immunity remains as virulence is lost

29
Q

endotherms

A

use metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temp: birds; mammals, some fish and even insects

30
Q

ectotherms

A

warms its body mainly by heat absorption from the surroundings : invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles

31
Q

thermophile

A

extremophile that thrives in extremely high temperatures

32
Q

where are sarcoma

A

in connective tissue

33
Q

carcinoma

A

occurs usually in epithelial tissue

34
Q

which radioactive technique would you use to study nucleic acids

A

32-P; valuable to study reaction pathways

35
Q

examples of gymnosperms

A

seed-producing plants that includes conifers, pine trees spruces, fir trees

36
Q

dominant stage of life cycle of mosses

A

the gametophyte

37
Q

examples of angiosperms

A

oaks, maples and grasses