132-173 Flashcards
if Hb is bonded to CO
carboxyhemoglobin
if CO2 is bonded to Hb
carbaminohemoglobin
2,3-BPG
present in RBC that helps to unload O2 from hemoglobin
which two veins carry oxygenated blood
pulmonary and umbilical
ductus venosus allows
blood to bypass the liver
foramen ovale
allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation
ductus arteriosus
conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, thus bypassing the lungs
parts of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic nervous system
allows you to respond to stress; increased heart rate, BP, pupil dilation, decrease in BF to the kidneys and digestive organs
parasympathetic system
digestion and eliminaiton occur
cerebellum
part of the brain involved with muscle coordination, balance and equilibrium
what divides the brains hemispheres
corpus callosum ; allows th right and left of the brain to communicate
CNS
brain, spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic—-all of the nervous system that isn’t in the CNS, nerves and ganglia
auxins
plant growth hormones
abscisic acid
inhibits growth
cytokines
stimulate cell division
where does bone growth occur
epuphyseal plates of long bones
connects bone to bone
ligaments
axial skeleton includes
skill, vertebra and ribs
appendicular skeleton includes
bond of arms and legs and bones of the pelvc and pectoral girdle
connects bone to muscle
tendons
haversian systmes
compact bone structural units ; blood vessels and nerves pass thorugh the harvesian canals
stored in the liver
glycogen
true about liver
albumin synthesis, bile production, destruction of worn out RBC, converts nitrogenous wast into urea, glycogen storage
convergent evolution
analogous structures ; two closely related species have resemblance
transpiration
H2O loss by evaporation from leaves
hydrolusis
involves the use of H2O to split a molecule
hydration
addition of H2O
translocation
the attachment of all or a portion of one chromosome to another
diapause
resting condition in the life of an insect (similar to vertebrates hibernation)
path urine takes
loop of hence –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct
where resorption occurs
proximal convoluted tubule
blood filtration site
glomererulus
where secretion occurs
distal convoluted tubule (K+,H+, active transport and NH3)
urine leaves the kidney
ureters
PKU disease
high amounts of amino acid phenlalanine in the blood (can result in mental retardation ) homo recess.
gout
uric acid crystals deposit in tissues such as the big toe
diabetes insipidus
insufficient vasoperessin production
tay sachs disease
lysosomal defect
hashimoto’s disease
thyroid involvement
where we find sarcoplasmic reticulum
muscle cells. a calcium reservoir. acetycholine triggers an action potential that passes along it
where does RBC get it’s energy from
since there is no mitochondria there is no TCA cycle, anaerobic respire occurs n the cytosol
ETC site
inner membrane of the mitochondria
controls breathing
medulla; as co2 levels increase, it send impulse to the diaphragm and chest muscles which increase breathing rate.
cerebellum
balance and muscle coordination; balance associated with the semi circular canals located in inner ear.
saltatory conduction
when the impulse jumps from node to node increases velocity several hold
peristalisis
smooth muscle contractions that allow food o move through the alimentary canal
enzymatic hydrlysis occurs in
small intestine
first macromolecule that undergo enzymatic hydrolysis
carbs
how are amino acids and sugars carried away
from the intestine to the bloodstream
fish - frog heart
2 chambered tubular heart; 3 chambered heart
momcytes develop into
macrophages
B cells develop into
fetal liver and spleen and produce antipodes that are in the blood and lymph
T cells
involved in immune reactions and develop in the thymus
bar body
inactivated X chromosome
hemizygous
having onlyoen single copy of a gene instead of two
reptiles inlcude:
lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians
croc heart
four chambers
class chondrichthys
skates and sharks
class amphibia
toads and frogs
class aves
birds
class reptilia
lizards, turtes and snakes
class agnatha
hagfish and lampre (lack bones, scales and fins)
osteichthys
bony fish
genetic drift
random changes in allele freq from one generation to another in small pop can lead to elimination of a particular allele by chance alone
where does kreb cycle occur
matrix of mitochondria
what’s produced per turn of TCA
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
what happens to CO2 in TCA
pyruvate loses CO2 in matrix of mitochondria and combines with CoA to become acetyl CoA. it is the Aceyl CoaA that meters tp TCA cycle by concession with oxaloacetate to form citrate
what structure is considered the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalamus
hypothalamus
help regulate heart , arterial BP , produce neurosecretory substances, regulate h2o and electrolyte balance, body temp, and maintain homeostasis
