DAT 346-387 Flashcards
how can a neurotransmitter be removed from the synapse
enzyme degradation, re-uptake or simple diffusion
nerve gases
inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, and cause death by respiratory paralysis
Tay-Sachs disease
autosomal recessive disease in which a lysosomal enzyme defect occurs and causes lipid buildup in brain cells. common in infants of european and jewish decent. fatal in the 1st 5 yrs of life. during the disease blindness, mental retardation and eventually death occur.
BP eqn
BP= cardiac output/R^4;
BP=COx PVR
CO=
stroke volume x heart rate
where do the food and air passages cross
pharynx
detects specific proteins in tissues
Western blot
detects DNA sequences in DNA samples
southern blot
detects RNA in a sample
Northern blot
studies cell-to-cell communication
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
buffer system works primarily in intracellular fluids
phosphate buffer
sequence of inspired air
nasal cavity-> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli
main function of large intestine
resorption of water, sodium, and other minerals; it also harbors bacteria which are the main source of vitamin K production
capacitation process
functional maturation of the spermatozoa.physiological changes occur in spermatozoa. this is required by a spermatozoa in the female oviduct and uterus that allows for egg penetration
protein associated with flagellum
dynein; arms are attached to the microtubules and serve as molecular motors
theory of acquired characteristics
lamark
examples of autosomal recessive disorders
sickle cell anemia, PKU disease, galactosemia ; sons and daughters are equally likely to inherit a particular allele
adjacent cells are held together in cardiac muscle by
intercalated disks; these disk have low resistance to the passage of impulses to allow the cardiac muscle fibers to transmit electrical impulses rapidly
habituation
one learns through experience not to respond to a situation if a response has no positive oe negative consequences . learning to ignore stimuli thats not important
fate of lactic acid build up
Cori cycle - allows for conversion back into glucose
enzymes of the pancreas
chymotrypsin and trypsin . are proteases involved in protein digestion
promoter site
site on DNA at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
modern cell theory
an org. activity is deepen. on the activity of its independent cells; metabolism and biochem occur w/in cells; hereditary info is stored in cells and shared during division; all cells in org of similar species have similar chem composition
what disease may result from insufficient apoptosis
cancerous growth
which diseases are caused by excessive apoptosis
nuerodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease
Miller- Urey experiment
used NH3, H2O, H2 sealed in a sterile arrangement of tubes & flasks w/ connecting loops. 1 flask, .5 filled w/liquid h2o & the other w/ 2 electrode. simulate atmosphere of early earth. 2 weeks. observed organic compounds AA. but no nucleic acids
saltatory conduction
action potential of neuron jumping along the axon
channel proteins allow particles to cross the cell membrane during what non-energy consuming process
facilitated diffusion
spindle fibers radiating from centroles
microtubules
muscle composition
made of long chains of cytoskeleton of actin (microfilamnet) and myosin (motor protein)
used to boost enzymatic activity
metal cofactors and ATP
what allows bacteria to stick to surface
pili
clathrin
a receptor protein on the surface of a cell
found only in gram positive bacteria and keep the cell wall rigid
teichoic acids
exergonic
if energy is released
describe a notochord
a length of cartilage extending along the body which will become the spine!
spinal cord begins as the
dorsal neural tube
pharyngeal slits develop into
gills, in other animals will evolve into pharynx and in urochordates into a filter feeding system
produces mucus for filter feeders
endostyle (stores iodine , believed to be precursor to thyroid)
poikilothermic animal
crocodile; a reptile or amphibian thats cold blooded
type of muscle movement in the esophagus and intestine responsible for food motility
peristalsis
reflux
term use to describe food moving backwards through the digestive system
sphincters
regulate the amount and speed at which food passes through the digestive system
passive immunity
when one org can pass along their antibodies to another organism to prevent infection
active immunity
when an organism is infect or exposed to virus that causes internal initial of the immune system . immune system makes its own memory cells to be ready for later infection
a musclce thats in a sustained state of contraction is said to be in
tetanus
oligodendrocytes are best associated with
white matter of the brain ; they are responsible for laying down the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in CNS
main extracellular buffer system in hmans consist of
bocarbonate
pulmonary artery : pulmonary vein
lo [o2] : hi [o2]
how do freshwater fish maintain homeostasis
since they are hyper osmotic, saltier on inside than their environment. water constantly flow into fish; constantly urinate, rarely drinks, absorbs salt through gills
how do marine fish maintain homeostasis
hypoosmotic; less salty than its environs. constantly lose water to the environment, constantly drink water, secrete the slats it acquires from drinking.
why does cartilage take considerable amount of time to heal
lacks direct blood supply
in deuterostomes first opening leads to
anus
in protosomes first opening heads to
mouth
in mammas, which aids the embryo in gas exchange and disposal of liquid waste
allantois
in mammals what component of the oocyte is responsible for the binding of sperm
zona pellucida
in sea urchins what component of the oocyte is responsible for the binding of sperm
vitelline
Zp3 protein
is responsible for some of the adhesion between the egg and sperm, but is more important for helping galactosyltransferase (GaIT) activate the acrosome reaction. Once the egg has undergone the acrosome reaction and fused with the sperm, it can then bind to the uterine wall.
cladogram
way to determine if organisms are related but not on a molecular or gene level.
brackish water
mix b/w salt and fresh water
Allelopathy
type of interference competition, where the establishment of other individuals who would compete for a mutual resource is prevented, in this case using a toxic chemical.
Intraspecific competition
occurs when competition occurs within the same species; in this case the plant is competing with all the other species of plants in the area.
biome is characterized as the largest biome on Earth with long harsh, snowy winters, short rainy and humid summers and with a landscape dominated by conifers
taiga
