54-94 Flashcards
how do bacteria reproduce
binary fission (bacteria are prokaryotes)
how do bacteria adhere to a membrane
surface appendages allied pilli
five major WBC; most numerous and least numerous
neutrophils are the most, basophils are the least numerous : (neutrophils, basophils, monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil)
blastopore
the opening of the archenteron that can develop into a mouth or anus
morula
A morula is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida
blastocyst
structure in early development of mammals; has inner cell mass which subsequently forms the embryo
corpus lutem
yellow, hormone secreting body in the female reproductive system. temp endocrine structure in female mammals
oxygen in ponds and lakes
during the summer, the deeper waters are high in nutrients and the upper layers high in O2. in the fall and autumn the oxygenated water will turnover to the bottom and the nutrients will form at the top.
gastrointertestinal hormones that inhibits many functions
somatostatin- suppresses the release of gastrin, secretin and cholecystokin
three phases of the menstrual cycle
menstrual flow phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase
when does menstruation begin?
with the disintegration of the endometrium ( the inner lining of the uterus)
Why does the endometrium thicken
in réponse to the estrogen levels during the proliferative phase and vascularization occurs.
what happens during the secretory phase
the endometrium continues to thicken, arteries enlarge, and glands grow in response to progesterone and estrogens.
ecological succession
involves an area in wi=hich communities replace each other in a predictable manner.
secondary succession
process started by an event (forest fire, hurricane) that reduces the established ecosystem.
primary succession
the gradual growth of an ecosystem over time
archegonia
structure that contains the female gamete in certain plants such as bryophytes
antheridia
where the male gametangia are located and represent the sperm producing structures
archenteron
the primitive guy that forms during gastrulation in the developing embryo
what’s the difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity
humoral acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and based on circulation of antibodies; CMI- works against pathogens that have entered body cells using T-Cells
diapedesis
when WBC adhere to and pass through the endothelium of the blood vessels (involves nuetrophils, leukocytes and cytokines)
which biome is below the tundra(located at the N pole)
taiga (snow forest) spines and spruces
multiple allele
if more than two forms of alleles exist for a gene locus
site of ribosome assembly
nucleoulous
lipid synthesis site
in the smooth er in eukaryotes
molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins that are especially abundant in the surface later of skin an doter kinds of epithelia that are subjected to mechanical insults
desmosomes
what will occur from stressing a bone
osteoblastic(bone-forming) activity will increase and calcium phosphate is released into the matrix (to strengthen the bone) the mineral hydroxyapetite is produced
syndromes caused by nondisjunction
Edward syndrome (18); down syndrome (21) Klinefelter syndrome ( sex chromosomes)
nonsteroidal hormones are derived from
amino acids, h20 soluble (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterol
lumen
space inside a tube
sphincters
rings of muscle in the wall of the esophagus stomach and other specialized regions
submucosa
connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexuses
what are amylases secreted by
pancreas and salivary glands ; the salivary and pancreatic amylase break down carbohydrates
mono cots and dicots are included in
angiosperms ; flowering plantsand divided into the monocots (narrow elves like grass) or dicots (broad leaves shrubs)
undifferentiated cambium develops into
pholem and xylem
function of xylem
transports h2o and mineralsup the stem
functionof phloem
transports nutrients down the stem
non-tracheophytes
plants lacking vascular tissue (simple plants)
gymnosperms
non flowering plants red wood, pine juniper tree
thylakoids
a series of disks stacked on each other that contain pigments needed for photosynthesis (occurs in the inner membrane of the chloroplast called the stroma)
what controls gas exchange
stomata
meristem
found in higher plants and represents undifferentiated cell types
nucleoside contents
a sugar and base . ex- adenosine
nucleotide contents
subar, base and phosphate
transfers phosphoryl groups
kinase
phosphatase
catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of a phosphate exeter bnod
lyase
catalyzes the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N bonds by elimination
hemoglobin
allosteric molecule, contains prosthetic group called heme, exists as a tetramer, binds CO with a much greater affinity than O2
allosteric
contains more than one binding site
platelets are derived form
megakaryocytes in the red marrow
gibberellins
stem elongation and flowering in some plants are due to
what stimulates fruit ripening
ethylene
inhibitor of plant growth hormones
abscisic acid
cytokinins
plant hormones involved with promoting cell division
gluconeogenesis
non carbs such as fats and amino acid are made into clucose in the cytosol
where does centriole separation occur
prophase
anaphase
sister chromatid separation
telophase
nucleus reappers
when does cytokinesis occur
cytoplase separates, in the late anaphase or early telophase
prophase
chromatids shorten and thicken , nucleoli disappears, spindle fibers form, centrioles of animal cells move to opposite ends
