DAT 400-486 Flashcards
three types of epithelial tissue
cuboidal, columnar, squamous (columnar in this particular problem 400)
enzyme of the pancreas
chymotrypsin and trypsin ; are proteases involved in protein digestion
enterokinase
converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form, trypsin
suitable vector for recominant DNA cloning can be
plasmids or bacteriophages
plasmid facts
extrachromosomal genetic elements found in teast and bacteria; circular and is sometimescalled vector DNA which is DS; some can be apart of the main chromosome and is called an episome; can be trans via viruses
pleiotrophy
a single gene somtimes affects many traits in an organism (PKU disease one gene results in: lighter hair color, lower iq, phenylaline in blood)
epistatic gene
one that covers ip the expression of another gene in the phenotype
which structure contians the hydrolytic enzymes needed to breakdown the protective surface of an egg cell
acrosome
tundra
vast, treeless regin that contains moss, lichen, frass and low lying shrubs , little rain , perafrost
exons
nucleoside base sequences in the genetic code that are transcribed into m-RNA and will eventually code for protiens
introns
TRANSCRIBED ; and they are removed , not translated
why would novocain prevent an action potential from occuring
blockage of Na+ voltage gated channels
pattern before during and after an action potential
polarization: inside negative with respect to outsie; depolarization: inside now becomes positive; repolarization: inside negative again
TL to primates
protobionts >prokaryotes>eukaryots>amphibians?reptiles>primates
operant conditioning
an animal learns to associated a voluntary a voluntary actiivity with the consequences taht follow “award or reinforcement”
classical or palovian conditioning
we see a physical response toa stimuls from teh enviorment (dog hears bell and recieve food or being to salivate)
oogenesis
produces one single egg ad 2 or 3 polar bodoes
spermatogenesis
produces 4 mature spermatozoa
organism lacks a notocord during development
an earthworm
notochord
derived from cell sof mesoderm, cartilaginous rode that extends from teh head to the tail in the embryo of all chordates
plant like protist
volvos
paramecium
unicelled protozoa
mold
fungi that can relase tiny spores into the air
amoeba
single celled protist that moves by pseudopodia
dandelion
is a producer a flowering plant
arthopod characteristcs
cray fish or mini lobster L aquatic crustasean as it gorws it sheds its exoskeleton in a process called molting. bilat symm, open circulatory
true statements about the prostate gland
gland secretes a milky fluid with a ph>7, functions to neutralize the acidic seminal fluid, enhances sperm motility, prostatic fluid aids to neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions
ruminants
are mammals such as a cow in whcih the stomach has an alkaline pH, stomach that is divided into 4 interconnected sacs, such as sheep cows and deer can digest cellulose
what happens when you inspire
lungs inflate, thoracic pressrure decreases as te TC size increases, diaphram moves downward, phrenic nerves carry impulse to the diaphragm and allow contraction
histamine
vasodialator contained in basophils and mast cells
macrohpages produce
a cytokine called interleukin-1
t helper cells produce
a cytokine called interleukin-2
interleukins can activate
cutotoxic cells ,b cells and otehr helper t cells
helper t cells mobilize
both umoral and CM branches of the immune systen
rain shadow
represents a reductio of rainall o the leeward side of the high mountain.
punctuated equilibrium
evltion is concentrated in a very rapid events of creating a new species
development of indivudals from unferilized eggs
parthenogenesis; honey bees, prduce sometimes without fertilization
forangia are found
spore prudicng and spore containing reproductive structures of ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms, algae, fungi, bryophytes. new swimming spores are released
spoils food
rhizopus stolonifer , an obligate parasite
evolutionary path to angiospers
bryophytes >gymnosperms ?angiosperms
shortest and longest stages off cell cycle
g1 is the longest, m is the shortest
killer t cell
involved in destroying cancer cells, directly kill cells having natigen on their surface, develop in thymus gland and do not realease antibodies, use protein perforin to luse their targets
specific targer for AIDS virus
helper T cells
inhibits peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach
enterogastrone, relased in teh duodnem t
cholecystoknin causes
the cgall bladder to contract, and made in the duodnem
secretin signals
the pancreas to release bicarbonate (a buffer) which can neutralize the acidic chyme. made in the duodnem
whch second messenger will actiate Ca++ channels
IP3 is a second messenger tha twill activate CA++ release from the ER.
Cyclic AMP and GMP will activate
protein kinases
NO involved in
relaxing smooth muscle
involved in the degradation of cyclic AMP
phosphodiesterase
ATP to cyclic amp is catalyzed by
adenylate cyclase and integral membrane protein
features that alloe amphibians to succesfully invade land
lungs and legs, redesigned heart and the ability to develop a means to prevent drying of the skin
ligand gated channels are illustrated in
acetylcholine receptors
any gene that has the potential to induce cancerous transformations is called a
oncogene
behavior seen in mose animals
courtship
appeasement behavior
if 2 birds get close but neither bird attacks each other, both display gestures of appeasement. female can fly away but she return several times and the male may even feed her
self sacrificial behavior
members help other indivuduals survive and reproduce at personal cost
agonistic behavior
may or may not resultin phsical combat , ex: stands on its legs to make itself look bigger , indivisual showing the higher attack motivation usually wins.
in gel electrophoresis the largest fragment will be
at the top and the smallest at the bottom!
phase contrast microscopy
can be used to view live cells , no staining required
dark field microscopey
views live cells or flagella that are too thin to be seen with phase contract microscopy
e- scanning microscopy
may be employed to view microbial surfaces, cells are not alive
rigo mortis
what we see after a few hours of death ; due to lack of ATp the actin and myosin filaments remain in tact until the muscles begin decomposing.
tetanus
sustained, forceful muscle contraction, which lacks evena partial relaxation
tonus
condition of skeletal muscle in which a sustaied slight contraction is sustained
summation
response seen when stimuli are given to muscle at short intervals so taht the muscel does not have time to relax between stimuli
metaplasia
change from one cell type to another sch as infammation or irritation
hyperplasia
refer to an incese in cell numbers
hypertrophy
refers to an increase in the cell size of a tissue or organ
atrophy
refers to a decrease in cell size
aplasia
refers to almost complete failure of development
what converts glu to fru
since htey are isomers need an isomerase,thus, phosphoclucose isomerase
syngamy
when a sperm and egg inute to produce a zygote during fertilization or syngamy
how are dizygotic twins produced
2 eggs 2 sperm (fraternal twins)
how are monozygotic twins produced
from the same zygote
name of the process where acetyl CoA serve as the starting compound for the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
glycoxylate
the male gametophye of an angiosperm is an
pollen grain
molecule participates in endocytosis by forming a polyhedral latice around coated pits
clathrin
found in erythrocytes that enable the to resits strong shearing forces
spectrin
what measures the BP
sphygmomanometer
manometer
measures gas pressures
